16
Due to symmetry, assume wlog that $a\geqslant b\geqslant c\geqslant d\geqslant 0$. Since I will use this fact later, I am proving it before the cases:
Lemma: We have that $2\geqslant a+d$.
In fact, this follows from Cauchy-Schwarz: $$2= 2\sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2}{3}}\geqslant 2\sqrt{\frac{a^2+3d^2}{3}}=\sqrt{1+\frac13}\cdot \sqrt{a^2+3d^2}\geqslant a+d$...
15
Since $AA^T = I$, we have
$$\det (A+B)= \det A(I+A^TB) = \det A \,\det(I+A^TB).$$
Now, $|\det A| = 1$ since $A$ is orthogonal, and $A^TB$ is orthogonal as well so all its eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n$ are on the unit sphere in $\Bbb{C}$. Therefore
$$|\det(A+B)| = |\det(I+A^TB)| = |(1+\lambda_1)\cdots(1+\lambda_n)| \le (1+|\lambda_1|)\cdots(1+|\...
8
Mechanodroid's solution is great. Here's a slightly different way to look at it.
Suppose $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of $A+B$ with corresponding unit-length eigenvector $v$. Then,
$$|\lambda| = \|\lambda v\| = \|(A+B)v\| = \|Av+Bv\| \le \|Av\|+\|Bv\| = \|v\|+\|v\| = 2\|v\| = 2,$$
where we have used the fact that $\|Av\| = \|v\|$ and $\|Bv\| = \|v\|$ since $A,...
7
Since $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2 = 3$ defines a compact set in $\mathbb{R}^4$, $f(a,b,c,d)=abcd+3-a-b-c-d$ will have a global minimum and maximum over that set, that will occur (can be easily justified) in critical points of the Lagrangian
$$
L(a,b,c,d,\lambda) = abcd+3-a-b-c-d -\lambda(a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2-3)
$$
So, just compute the critical points, compute the value of $...
6
A possible way is to set $x = \tan t$ with $t \in \left(0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$.
So, the inequality is equivalent to
$$\frac{\tan t}{1+\frac 2{\pi} \tan t}< t \text{ for } t \in \left(0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$
or after rearranging
$$ \tan t < \frac t{1-\frac 2{\pi}t} \text{ for } t \in \left(0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$
But this is true because for $t \in ...
6
Note that
$$(x+y)^3 = x^3+y^3+3xy(x+y).$$
Using the AM-GM inequality, we have
$$xy\sqrt[3]\frac{x^3+y^3}{2} = \frac{1}{x+y} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac12 \cdot \left[xy(x+y)\right]^3 \cdot (x^3+y^3)}$$
$$\leqslant \frac{1}{x+y} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{3 xy(x+y) + x^3+y^3}{4}\right)^4} = \frac{(x+y)^3}{8}.$$
5
Fix $n\in\Bbb N$. The claim is trivial in the case $k=1$, so by induction assume the claim is true for some $k<n$. Then we get:
\begin{align*}
\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^{k+1}&<\left(1+\frac{k}{n}+\frac{k^2}{n^2}\right)\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)\\
&=1+\frac{k}{n}+\frac{k^2}{n^2}+\frac{1}{n}+\frac{k}{n^2}+\frac{k^2}{n^3}\\
&\overset{k<n}{&...
5
It is true that this falls under the realm of probability theory, because if $X$ is a real valued random variable with density $f(x)$ i.e. $P(X \in (a,b)) = \int_a^b f(x)dx$ for all $a<b$, then :
$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)dx = 1$ and $f(x) \geq 0$ assert that $f$ is a well-defined density and $X$ a well defined random variable.
$\int_{-\infty}^\infty ...
4
lower bound:
Notice that $$\cos ^2 \theta_1=\sin^2 \theta_2+\sin^2 \theta_3+\cdots+\sin^2 \theta_{10}$$ similarly $$\cos^2 \theta_i=\sum_{j=1 \rightarrow 10 , j\neq i }\sin^2 \theta_j$$
$$S_i=\sum_{j=1\rightarrow 10,j\neq i} \sin \theta_i \tag {say}$$
thus by power mean inequality
$$\cos \theta_i\ge \sqrt{\frac{S_i^2}{9}}=\frac{S_i}{3}$$ Hence $$\dfrac{\cos ...
4
This is a remark on Dr. Mathva's answer, which may seem very mysterious at first but becomes more transparent when you consider a simpler problem:
If $a, b \geq 0$ with $a^2 + b^2 = 1$, prove that
$$ ab+1 \geq a+b \,.$$
(It is the problem from the question if you impose $c = d = 1$.)
Here it is clear that you can factorize it as $(a-1)(b-1) \geq 0$, so you ...
4
The method suggested by @Albus Dumbledore can be tweaked slightly to prove that the upper bound of the given expression is $9$. Note that, since $\theta_i \in \left[0,\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right]$, $\cos(\theta_i) \geq 0$ and $\sin(\theta_i) \geq 0$. We will show that $\cos(\theta_i) \leq S_i$:
\begin{align}
\cos(\theta_i) \leq S_i & \iff \cos^2(\theta_i) \leq ...
4
First, you need to prove that $a_n$ converges to $0$. With what you wrote, you can notice that $\forall n, a_{n+1}\leq a_n $ and $a_n>0 $.
Hence, $a_n$ is monotone and bounded, so it converges. Since you have $f(a_n)=a_{n+1} $ with $f$ the bijection of $\frac{2x}{1+x^2} $, it must converge to a fixed point of $f$, and you can notice that $0$ is one.
(edit ...
4
Using the double-angle formula for the hyperbolic tangent one can obtain an explicit formula for $a_n$ and get the desired inequality:
We know that $a_n \in (0, 1)$, so that we can substitute $a_n = \tanh(x_n)$ with $x_n > 0$. Then
$$
\tanh(x_n) = \frac{2 \tanh(x_{n+1})}{1+\tanh^2(x_{n+1})} = \tanh(2 x_{n+1})
$$
implies $x_n = 2x_{n+1}$. It follows that $...
3
Showing that $a+b > - \frac73$:
$$(a-2)^2+(b-2)^2+(a-b)^2\geq(a-2)^2+(b-2)^2 \geq\frac{(a+b)^2}{2}-4(a+b)+8$$
Now using the previous result $a + b < -2$ we get:
$$\frac{(a+b)^2}{2}-4(a+b)+8> 18$$
From OP's equation in the question, this gives
$$a+b=-\frac{6}{(a-2)^2+(b-2)^2+(a-b)^2}-2>-\frac{6}{18} -2 = -\frac{7}{3}. \qquad \Box$$
3
$$ |z| = \sqrt{Re(z)^2 + Im(z)^2} $$
$$ \leq \sqrt{Re(z)^2} + \sqrt{Im(z)^2}$$
$$ = |Re(z)| + |Im(z)|$$
The inequality follows since in general for any non-negative $x$ and $y$ we have $\sqrt{x+y} \leq \sqrt{x} + \sqrt{y}$ (consider the square of both sides)
3
Let $A(x,y,z)=(1+x^2)(1+y^2)(1+z^2)$, defined on $\{(x,y,z)\in\mathbb{R}^3{\,\mid\,}x+y+z=3\}$.
Since $\max(|x|,|y|,|z|)\ge 3$ would yield $A > 8$, it follows $A$ has a global minimum value, $a$ say.
Since $(x,y,z)=1$ yields $A=8$, it follows that $a\le 8$.
Suppose $A(x,y,z)=a$.
Without loss of generality, assume $x\le y\le z$.
From $x+y+z=3$, it ...
3
With Lagrange multipliers: consider $f(x,y,z)=(x^2+1)(y^2+1)(z^2+1)$ and
$$
L(x,y,z,t)=f(x,y,z)-t(x+y+z-3)
$$
Then you have
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}&=2x(y^2+1)(z^2+1)-t \\[1ex]
\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}&=2y(x^2+1)(z^2+1)-t \\[1ex]
\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}&=2z(x^2+1)(y^2+1)-t
\end{align}
These should vanish together, so ...
3
Since the function $f(x)=\frac{x+2}{x^2+x}$ is decreasing for all $x\ge 1$ we have $$g(x)=\frac{3^x+2}{3^{2x}+3^x} \implies g(x) \le g(1) =5/12 \space \forall x\in[1,3]$$ thus $$0\le \int_1^2\frac{3^x+2}{3^{2x}+3^x}\le \frac{5}{12}(2-1)< \frac{1}{2}$$
3
$$f(x) = \frac {3^x + 2}{3^{2x} + 3^x} $$
$$ f'(x) = -\dfrac{\ln\left(3\right)\left(3^{2x}+4{\cdot}3^x+2\right)}{3^x\left(3^x+1\right)^2} < 0 ~\forall ~ x \in \mathbb{R}$$
Thus, $f(x)$ is a decreasing function.
$$ \implies f(1) >f(x) > f(2)$$
$$\implies \dfrac{5}{12} >f(x) > \dfrac{11}{90}$$
$$\implies \int_1^2 \dfrac{5}{12} dx > \int_1^2 ...
3
$$(x+y) (y+z) = 2\csc \theta$$
So what is the minimum value of $2\csc \theta$? What is the corresponding value of $\theta$? What kind of relationship does this indicate among $x, y, z$?
3
partial proof when $a,b,c\ge -1$
WLOG $c=\min(a,b,c)\implies 3c-13<0$
$$|1-abc|+|1-ab-bc-ca|\ge |2-abc-ab-bc-ca|\ge 2-abc-ab-bc-ca$$ It remains to prove $$2-abc-ab-bc-ca\ge 44/27$$
$$\iff 2-ab(1+c)-c(a+b)-44/27\ge 0$$ $$2-\frac{{(a+b)}^2}{4}(1+c)-c(1-c)-44/27\ge 0$$
$$\iff 2-\frac{{(1-c)}^2}{4}(1+c)-c(1-c)-44/27\ge 0$$ $$\iff \frac{-1}{108}(3c-13){(3c-1)}...
3
Let $p = a + b + c = 1$, $q = ab + bc + ca$ and $r = abc$.
Fact 1: $q^2 \ge 3pr$.
(The proof is given at the end.)
Fact 2: $p^2 \ge 3q$.
(Proof: $p^2 - 3q = \frac{1}{2}[(a-b)^2 + (b-c)^2 + (c-a)^2] \ge 0$.)
We split into four cases:
$q \ge 0$: By Fact 2, we have $q \le \frac{1}{3}$. By Facts 1-2, we have $r\le \frac{1}{27}$.
We have
$|1- q| + |1 - r| = 1 - ...
2
No calculus is required.
Using your substitution in your linked effort:
Let $x=\frac{1-p}{p}$ then $p=\frac{1}{1+x}, x>0$. The inequality becomes
$$\frac{1}{1+x}+\frac{1}{1+x}\cdot \frac{1-x}{x^n-1} = \frac{x-x^n}{(1+x)(1-x^n)} \le \frac1 2-\frac{1}{2n}$$
$$\iff g(x) = \frac{x-x^n}{(1+x)(1-x^n)} \le \frac 12 - \frac{1}{2n}\tag 1$$
From here, notice that
...
2
Hint:
Let $x=a+b$ then $b=x-a$ so we get an quadratic equation on $a$: $$3a^2(x+2)-3a(x^2+2x)+x^3+11=0$$ Since $a$ is real it discriminant is non negative, so we have $$-3(x+2)(x^3-6x^2+44)\geq 0$$
2
$$a^3-6 a b+b^3=-11$$
can be written as
$$(a+b)^3-3 a b (a+b)-6 a b=-11$$
setting $$a+b=s;\;ab=p$$
we get
$$ s^3-3ps-6p+11=0$$
The equation $$z^2-sz+p=0\tag{1}$$
Gives the values of $a,b$. In order to have real roots, discriminant must be positive
$$s^2-4p\ge 0$$
Solve
$$\begin{cases}
s^3-3ps-6p+11=0\\
s^2-4p\ge 0\\
\end{cases}
$$
Solving the first equation ...
2
As you stated
$$\left( \left( \frac{\sqrt2}a\right)^2 + \left(\frac1b\right)^2\right)\left( a^2+b^2\right) \ge \left(\sqrt2 + 1 \right)^2$$
Now, let's check if it can be attained.
If $b=1$ and $a=\sqrt[4]2$,
$$\left( \left( \frac{\sqrt2}{\sqrt[4]2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac11\right)^2\right)\left( \sqrt[4]2^2+1^2\right) = \left(\sqrt2 + 1 \right)^2$$
2
Just expand to find $$2+1+\dfrac{2b^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}=3+\left(\dfrac{\sqrt2b}a-\dfrac ab\right)^2+2\sqrt2\ge3+2\sqrt2$$
the equality occurs if $\dfrac{\sqrt2b}a-\dfrac ab\iff\sqrt2b^2=a^2$ with $a,b$ non zero finite real
2
AM-GM
$3+2(b^2/a^2)+(a^2/b^2) \ge$
$3+2\sqrt{2(b^2/a^2)(a^2/b^2)}=$
$3+2\sqrt{2};$
Equality:
$2(b^2/a^2)=(a^2/b^2);$
$2b^4=a^4,$ or $a^2=\sqrt{2}b^2.$
2
Hint: Expand the product of $y$ and $a+b$:
Do you know AM-HM?
2
Since $b=2-a$, we must minimize $f(a)=\dfrac 1a+\dfrac4{2-a}$, which is a function of one variable.
At a minimum, the derivative $f'(a)=-\dfrac1{a^2}+\dfrac4{(2-a)^2}$ is zero.
Thus, $\dfrac 4{(2-a)^2}=\dfrac1{a^2}$ or $3a^2+4a-4=(3a-2)(a+2)=0$.
Can you solve for $a$ and find $f(a)$?
It is a minimum, because the second derivative $f''(a)=\dfrac2{a^3}+\...
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible
