Questions tagged [nonstandard-analysis]
Non-standard ordered fields are fields which have infinitesimals, that is, positive numbers which are smaller than any positive *real* number. Non-standard analysis is analysis done over such fields (e.g. hyperreal fields).
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How do non-principal ultrafilters 'know' the key elements of an infinite series when establishing the equivalence for hyperreals.
I'm currently reading about non-principal ultrafilters and their relationship with defining the hyperreals, I am struggling to really get my head around the notion that a non-principal ultra filter ...
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1answer
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$n \in ^* \mathbb{N}$ such that $\epsilon.2^n > n^2$ [on hold]
Prove that for any $\epsilon\in ^* \mathbb{R}^ +$ there exists $n \in ^* \mathbb{N}$ such that $\epsilon.2^n > n^2$
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Nonstandard analysis in $\mathbb{R}^2$ space
Let $M\in \mathbb{R}^2$ be arbitrary bounded (in general, not closed) set, and $^* M \subset ^* \mathbb{R}^2$, its $^*$-extension.
Prove that for any $x\in ^*M$, its standard part $st(x)\in \bar{M}$, ...
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58 views
What is the Galois group of the Hyperreal Numbers?
The Galois Group of $\mathbb{R}$ as an extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ is trivial. That’s because any field automorphism of $\mathbb{R}$ is order preserving, so since $\mathbb{Q}$ is dense in $\mathbb{R}$, ...
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0answers
43 views
Bound for roots of a polynomial with coefficients in a non-Archimedean valued field
Is there any bound for the valuation of the roots of a given polynomial with coefficients in an algebraically closed non-Archimedean valued field?
Any reference or insight would be appreciated.
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1answer
70 views
Is there any real difference between 'unbounded' and 'bounded by infinity'?
When treated as a limit, 'infinity' is essentially synonymous with 'never' - saying that 'a process terminates after an infinite amount of time' means exactly the same thing as 'the process does not ...
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1answer
38 views
Does it make sense to talk about rationality and countability when dealing with nonstandard quantities?
I have two closely related questions:
Firstly, suppose that I can find two hyperintegers $P$ and $Q$ s.t. $\frac{P}{Q}=\sqrt{2}$. Obviously, both $P$ and $Q$ lie in an extension of the integers. ...
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1answer
23 views
Is there an element of the hyperreals minus the reals that isn't a hyperirrational?
I was looking to see if there exist elements in *R-R that aren't in *Q? The ideal answer would offer some different ways to understand and see this as I still lack an intuition for these sorts of ...
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1answer
36 views
Can we define the unordered sum of a set of hyperreal numbers?
If $\{a_i:i\in I\}$ is a set of nonnegative real numbers, then the unordered sum $\sum_{i\in I}a_i$ is defined as $\sup \Bigl\{ \sum_{i\in A}a_i\,\big| A \text{ finite, } A \subset I\Bigr\}$. And $\...
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1answer
33 views
i want reference about the method(below) of describing Infinity… [closed]
let think x is real number, then
\begin{align}
x&=x\\
x&=(x/2)+(x/2), \\
x&=(x/3)+(x/3)+(x/3), \\
x&=(x/4)+(x/4)+(x/4)+(x/4), \\
&\vdots \\
x&=(x/n)+(x/n)+(x/n)+ \cdots +(x/n), ...
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1answer
255 views
Discrepancy between calculus methodologies - Is it significant?
Two of the ways of doing calculus with algebra are non-standard analysis NSA and smooth infinitesimal analysis SIA. NSA has a technique called 'taking the standard part' which neglects incremental (or ...
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23 views
Ultraproduct of a Function versus Functions of Ultraproducts
Let $G$ be a group (or even a set for our purposes here) and consider functions from $G$ to $\mathbb{R}$. Now after choosing a non-principal ultrafilter of $\mathbb{N}$, we can construct ultrapowers $^...
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1answer
52 views
Is $e$ transcendental when working with hyperreal numbers?
When working with strictly real numbers, there are a number of proofs that $e$ is transcendental. However, when dealing with non-standard analysis, one can express $e$ as $(1 + \frac{1}{H})^H$ for any ...
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1answer
36 views
Intuitive Understanding of Order of Hyperreals
I'm trying to understand the ultrapower construction of the hyperreal numbers as described in Wikipedia.
The motivation is given as the surprising ability to find a total order of sequences of real ...
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1answer
225 views
Does absolute infinity invoke Cantor's Paradox? [closed]
Let $\mathcal{P}(X)$ denote the powerset of $X$, $\mathcal{P}^2(X)=\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{P}(X))$, and $\mathcal{P}^n(X)=\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{P}^{n-1}(X))$; $\mathcal{P}^0(X)=X$. It is trivial to show ...
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1answer
82 views
Does every standard set have a standard cardinality?
Add a new primitive one place predicate symbol $``std"$ denoting "standard" to the language
of $\text{ZF}$, now iff we add an omega rule to $``\text {ZF - Infinity + every set is finite}"$ formulated ...
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1answer
84 views
How to do this problem without using infinitesimal?
A rod of linear charge density a of length h, What will be the
electric field at an axial point at a distance x from end of the
rod (the end at which the origin is chosen for defining charge
...
2
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1answer
116 views
Vacuous truths in Superstructure approach to Nonstandard Analysis
Good evening everybody,
at the moment I'm studying non-standard analysis, specifically the superstructure approach to it. This approximately works as described in chapter 3 of http://people.dm.unipi....
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1answer
34 views
Solving Indefinite integral without FTC
While I was watching some physics lectures, I saw a professor write down the $\int r*dr$. The writing multiplication sign (normally just implied) prompted me to attempt to solve this integral without ...
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Question related to the use of the axiom of choice in real analysis, nonstandard analysis, and constructive proofs.
So, as far as I'm concerned, real analysis depends quite largely on some weak variants of the axiom of choice (such as the axiom of countable choice), and there seems to be no controversy surrounding ...
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1answer
50 views
Notation Question for “Generalization of L’hopital’s Rule” PDF by V. V. Ivlev and I. A. Shilin
Within this brief text starting on page 2, the author(s) have a habit of employing a sort of "mixed" notation of differentiation, mixing the "prime marks" of Lagrange's notation for differentiation of ...
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44 views
Resources for Learning Hyperreal Numbers
I've somewhat recently discovered hyperreal numbers, but I haven't gotten the chance to thoroughly research them.
What resources do you all recommend for undergrad level study of the hyperreal number ...
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1answer
48 views
Where can I find a proof that nonstandard analysis is a conservative extension of standard analysis?
Willie Wong's answer in this post claims that nonstandard analysis (NSA) is a "conservative extension" of standard analysis (SA), meaning that every provable statement in NSA that can be interpreted ...
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1answer
98 views
Intuition behind the Idealization Axiom of Internal Set Theory
Wikipedia describes the idealisation axiom as follows: "The statement of this axiom comprises two implications. The right-to-left implication can be reformulated by the simple statement that elements ...
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1answer
83 views
Improper integral over the rationals
Question:
Suppose that I wish to integrate a function over the natural numbers. How could I do this?
Answer:
Consider the definite integral $\int_a^bf(x)\ dx$. If we consider this as the 'area ...
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0answers
48 views
Intuition for nonstandard analysis from limits conception
I'm trying to gain an intuition for the use of nonstandard analysis over the limit approach.
Traditionally the motivation for derivatives is that the derivative of a point $(x,f(x))$ for some ...
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1answer
45 views
Cardinality, Logarithms, and Hyperreals
Take some infinite hypernatural number, $M$, and consider the integers (finite and infinite) less than or equal to $M$. There are uncountably many. Then consider $\log_2 M$. Is there a straightforward ...
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1answer
119 views
The value of the infinitesimal in integral doesn't matter?
I am studying calculus by the infinitesimal approach using "Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach" textbook. in page 187, the author proved that the value of the infinitesimal we integrate ...
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1answer
72 views
Definite integrals using infinitesimals in Keisler's book
Encouraged by this question I ask a question concerning Keisler's treatment of definite integrals using infinitesimals.
He starts with a continuous function $f$ defined on a closed interval $[a, b] $ ...
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2answers
84 views
Loeb Measure construction in axiomatic approach to NSA
Hello dear StackExchange,
in my upcoming bachelor's thesis, I plan to present an overview of some topics in nonstandard analysis, including some higher applications, like Loeb Measures (among other ...
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2answers
227 views
Trouble understanding how the Transfer Principle is applied for the Extreme Value theorem.
I am reading Keisler's Elementary Calculus (which can be downloaded here). I am having trouble understanding his proof sketch of Extreme Value Theorem and how he is applying the Transfer Principle.
...
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1answer
35 views
What is $t_k$ in this context?
I am reading this paper which provides an argument for factoring $\sinh$ and $\sin$ using infinitesimals as Euler did but in a more rigorous way.
On the bottom of the page labeled 66 it states:
...
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1answer
45 views
In non-standard analysis, should we necessarily consider derivative as slope between two infinitesimally apart points?
For standard analysis, an answer (in the concept of limit) is here.
However, when dealing with infinitesimals in non-standard analysis, that limit technique will not work.
So in non standard ...
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1answer
59 views
What does a hyperreal version of the Cantor Set look like?
I would like to construct a hyperreal version of the Cantor set. Let $X_0$ be the interval $[0,1]$ in the hyperreal line, and for any $n$, let and let $X_{n+1}$ be the set of hyperreal numbers ...
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1answer
56 views
Norm on hyperreals ${^*\mathbb R}$ using the ultrafilter construction
Suppose we construct the hyperreals by fixing a free ultrafilter $\mathcal F$ – formalizing the idea of "large subsets of $\mathbb N$" – and defining an equivalence relation between two real sequences ...
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1answer
95 views
Completing the space of series so there is a slowest converging series
It is well known that there is no slowest converging infinite series (see e.g. here).
But there is also no largest rational number whose square <=2. Once we complete the rationals to the reals, ...
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Canonical hyperreal numbers
The hyperreal numbers are constructed by any free ultrafilter.
We know that we can't exhibit a concrete example of a free ultrafilter on natural numbers (see here).
Is it possible to give a canonical ...
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1answer
62 views
Does nonstandard analysis allow for a more powerful second derivative test?
The second-derivative test states that if $x$ is a real number such that $f'(x)=0$, then:
If $f''(x)>0$, then $f$ has a local minimum at $x$.
If $f''(x)<0$, then $f$ has a local maximum at $x$...
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1answer
44 views
Is the union of non-standard analogs of a family of sets a proper subset of the non-standard analog of the union of those sets?
The book on formal logic I'm using for self-study builds the foundation for non-standard analysis (to illustrate the usage of non-standard models) using the following construction.
Consider the real ...
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0answers
29 views
What are elementary conclusions using $^*$-polynomials?
Let $^*$-polynomials be defined as hyperfinite polynomials over the hyperreals, i.e. elements of the set $\{ p\in \mathbb{R^R}\mid \exists\big( a:\{0,..,n\}\to\mathbb{R}\space \big)\forall x\in \...
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1answer
170 views
Juggling three non-Archimedean fields
I'm comparing the field of hyperreals, the Levi-Civita field and the Dehn's field for the first time. I'm not very familiar with their properties, so I'm looking for ways to understand and distinguish ...
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1answer
2k views
How can $0.999\dots$ not equal $1$?
First, by definition I assume that $0.999...$ actually is defined as:
$$\text{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{i=1}^n 9/10^i$$
Now by geometric series we already know that this equals one. But ...
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Let $f:\mathbb{^*R}\to \mathbb{^*R}$ be an external function with $(x,y\in\mathbb{^*R},x\approx y , x\le y ) \implies f(x)\le f(y)$. Is $f$ monotonic?
My main problem is that there's two methods yielding two different results:
1.We can count through $\mathbb{^*R}$ using nothing but infinitesimal steps. For example, we can partition the interval $^*...
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1answer
54 views
Derivatives in positive and negative x directions
For a function $f(x)$ the definition of its derivative is $$f'(x) = \lim \limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}.$$
The derivative $f'(x)$ is supposed to be the same for $\Delta ...
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0answers
62 views
Nonstandard-Analysis: Showing L'Hospital
Let there be two functions $f,g:(a,b) \to\mathbb R$ that are differentiable in $(a,b)$ with either
$$\text{Case 1:}\qquad\lim_{x\to b} f(x) = \lim_{x\to b} g(x) = 0$$
or
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\text{Case 2:}\...
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1answer
67 views
Doubly-hyper-reals? Can we include another level of infinitesimals?
Is it possible (even if there is no reason to even want to do this) to expand the hyperreal number line at each infinitesimal to insert a "second layer of infinitesimals"?
Let $\epsilon$ be an ...
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2answers
224 views
Can nonstandard analysis give a uniform probability distribution over the integers?
There exists no uniform probability distribution over the non-negative integers. This is because we would need to have $p(i)=q$ for all $i$, for some real number $0\le q\le 1$. But normalisation ...
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2answers
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Can the hyperreals be used to describe the “gold nuggets” found with nonconverging series and Casimir forces? [closed]
In one of Numberphile's videos they describe the $-\frac{1}{12}$ as a "gold nugget" inside the sequence $1+2+3+4+\dots$ surrounded by a bunch of "rock" that is infinity.
Can these numbers that we get ...
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0answers
42 views
Nonstandard-Analysis: What are traits of sets that are “strange”?
By the power of the transfer principle, the principle of internal definition and the overspill principle, most sets in the nonstandard-superstructure behave rather tame (or rather, standard).
However, ...
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2answers
123 views
What's the nonstandard way to argue $\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=0}^n\binom n k (\frac x n)^k = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{x^k}{k!}$
First, the equality holds, as:
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=0}^n\binom n k \left(\frac x n\right)^k =\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\left(1+\frac{x}{n}\right)^n\right) = e^x =
\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{x^k}{k!} ...
