# Closed form of $\int_0^{\infty} \frac{\log(x)}{\cosh(x) \sec(x)- \tan(x)} \ dx$

What real analysis tools would you recommend me for getting the closed form of the integral below?

$$\int_0^{\infty} \frac{\log(x)}{\cosh(x) \sec(x)- \tan(x)} \ dx$$

• A hammer would suffice. – Ali Caglayan Oct 26 '14 at 18:23
• are you sure that a closed form exist? – Dr. Sonnhard Graubner Oct 26 '14 at 18:25
• @Dr.SonnhardGraubner $100$%. My brother confirmed that. – user 1357113 Oct 26 '14 at 18:25

The place I would start is the nifty result, proven here, that

$$\frac{\sin{x}}{\cosh{t} - \cos{x}} = 2 \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} e^{-k t} \sin{k x}$$

Of course, the integral actually looks like

$$\int_0^{\infty} dx \frac{\cos{x}}{\cosh{x} - \sin{x}} \log{x}$$

so we need to map $x \mapsto \pi/2 - x$ and we have that the integral is actually

$$2 \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (-1)^m \int_0^{\infty} dx \, e^{-(2 m+1) x} \cos{(2 m+1) x}\, \log{x} + 2 \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{m+1} \int_0^{\infty} dx \, e^{-2 m x} \sin{2 m x}\, \log{x}$$

We then note that

$$-k \int_0^{\infty} dx \, e^{-(1-i) k x} \log{x} = \frac{\log (k)}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}+\frac{\log (2)}{4}+\frac{\pi }{8}+i \left(\frac{\log (k)}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}+\frac{\log (2)}{4}-\frac{\pi }{8}\right)$$

So the integral is

$$-\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (-1)^m \frac{\log{(2 m+1)}}{2 m+1} - \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{m+1} \frac{\log{(2 m)}}{2 m}\\ - \left (\gamma + \frac12 \log{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^m}{2 m+1} - \left (\gamma + \frac12 \log{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{2 m}$$

The third and fourth sums are well known. The second is less-well known, but may be shown to be

$$\frac{1}{4} \left(3 \log ^2(2)-2 \gamma \log (2)\right)$$

(See, for example, Williams & Hardy, The Red Book of Mathematical Problems, problem 71.)

The first sum, however, is less well known. It may be evaluated by considering the derivative of a generalized zeta function (or a Lerch transcendent). The result is

$$\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (-1)^m \frac{\log{(2 m+1)}}{2 m+1} = \frac12 \log{2} \left [\psi{\left ( \frac{3}{4} \right )} - \psi{\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )} \right ] - \frac14 \left [ \gamma_1{\left ( \frac{3}{4} \right )}-\gamma_1{\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )}\right ]$$

where $\gamma_1(a)$ is a generalized Stieltjes constant.

Put this all together and the result agrees with a numerical evaluation performed with Mathematica ($\approx -1.35775$).

Apparently I forgot that I had encountered that first sum some time ago here, and the result may be expressed in simpler terms:

$$\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{m} \frac{\log{(2 m+1)}}{2 m+1} = -\frac{\pi}{4} \gamma - \frac{\pi}{4} \log{\frac{\Gamma{\left ( \frac{3}{4} \right )}^4}{\pi}}$$

so we may now put this all together as follows:

$$\frac{\pi}{4} \gamma + \frac{\pi}{4} \log{\frac{\Gamma{\left ( \frac{3}{4} \right )}^4}{\pi}} - \frac{3}{4} \log^2{2} + \frac12 \gamma \log{2} - \left (\gamma + \frac12 \log{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\frac{\pi}{4} - \left (\gamma + \frac12 \log{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\frac12 \log{2}$$

or

$$\int_0^{\infty} dx \frac{\cos{x}}{\cosh{x} - \sin{x}} \log{x} = \frac{\pi}{4} \log{\frac{\Gamma{\left ( \frac{3}{4} \right )}^4}{\pi}} - \log^2{2} - \frac{\pi^2}{16}$$

$$\int_0^{\infty} dx \frac{x \sin{x}}{\cosh{x}-\cos{x}} \log{x} = \frac{1}{6} \pi ^2 \left(-12 \log{A}+1+\frac{\log{2}}{2}+\log{\pi} \right)$$
where $A$ is Glaisher's constant.
$$\int_0^{\infty} \frac{\log(x)}{\cosh(x) \sec(x)- \tan(x)} \ dx=\frac{\pi}{4}\log\left(\displaystyle \frac{4 \pi^3}{\Gamma\left(\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}\right)^4}\right)-\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2-\log^2(2)$$