How to find expectation of geometric distribution? On average 1 in 8 people in a particular community is left-handed and the rest are right-handed. A
sample of people is chosen at random, one by one, until a left-handed person is obtained. Find the
probability that the number of people in the sample is less than 12.
Another sample is chosen at random, one by one, until at least one left-handed and at least one
right-handed person have been obtained. The number of people in this sample is denoted by N, so
that the sample consists of
either : (N − 1) left-handed people followed by one right-handed person
or : (N − 1) right-handed people followed by one left-handed person.
Obtain P(N = r), for r ≥ 2, and show that E(N) = 57/7.
Why E(N) = 8 + 8/7 - 1? Why need to -1?
 A: You do not consider the case $r=1$. If you consider the case $r=1$ the calculation would be
$\sum _{r=1}^{\infty} r \left( \frac{1}{8}\right)\cdot \left( \frac{7}{8}\right)^{r-1}+\sum _{r=1}^{\infty } r \left( \frac{7}{8}\right)*\left( \frac{1}{8}\right) ^{r-1}=8+\frac{8}{7}$
Now you subtract in both cases the summand when $r=1$.
$E(N)=\sum _{r=1}^{\infty} \left[ r \left( \frac{1}{8}\right)\cdot \left( \frac{7}{8}\right)^{r-1} \right]-\frac{1}{8}+\sum _{r=1}^{\infty } \left[ r \left( \frac{7}{8}\right)*\left( \frac{1}{8}\right) ^{r-1} \right] -\frac{7}{8}=8+\frac{8}{7}-\left(\frac{1}{8}+\frac{7}{8}\right) =8+\frac{8}{7}-1$
The condition is, that  at least one left-handed and at least one right-handed person have to be obtained. Thus r cannot be 1.
A: Answer that only deals with the expectation $\mathbb EN$ in the second sample.
Let $X_{p}$ denote the number of trials until the first success by
a chance of $p$ on success. Then $X_{p}$ has geometric
distribution and $\mathbb{E}X_{p}=\frac{1}{p}$. For convenience denote $q:=1-p$.
Let $L$ denote the event that the first person is left-handed and
let $R$ denote the event that the first person is right-handed. Then
for $p=\frac{1}{8}$ and $q=\frac{7}{8}$ we find:
$\mathbb{E}N=\mathbb{E}\left(N\mid L\right)p+\mathbb{E}\left(N\mid R\right)q=\left(1+\mathbb{E}X_{q}\right)p+\left(1+\mathbb{E}X_{p}\right)q=1+\frac{p}{q}+\frac{q}{p}=1+\frac{1}{7}+7$
