# Literature request on Markov Chains which state transition probability matrix evolves over time

I want to know is there any literature on markov chains who's state transition probability matrix evolves over time?

For instance, I have 2 states, 1 and 2. With

$$P = \begin{bmatrix} p_{11} & p_{12} \\ p_{21} & p_{22} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.9 & 0.1 \\ 0.8 & 0.2 \end{bmatrix}$$

Where $p_{ij}$ indicates the change that you jump from state $i$ to $j$.

Now at time $k$ I jump from 1 to 2, which has a 0.1 probability. The next instance $k+1$ I have a probability of 0.2 of staying in state 2. Now if I stay at $k+1$ in state 2 then the probability of staying in state 2 would increase and the probability of jumping from state 2 to 1 would decrease. Meaning that $P_{k+2}$ would, for instance have evolved to

$$P_{k+2} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.9 & 0.1 \\ 0.5 & 0.5 \end{bmatrix}$$

If I again stay in state 2 it increases further...

$$P_{k+3} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.9 & 0.1 \\ 0.2 & 0.8 \end{bmatrix}$$

If I then jump from state 2 to 1 it decreases...

$$P_{k+4} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.9 & 0.1 \\ 0.6 & 0.4 \end{bmatrix}$$

Now I want to know if there is any literature regarding this?

-edit-

I believe my question is very much related to https://mathoverflow.net/questions/168398/time-inhomogeneous-markov-chains

This corresponds to any bivariate renewal process where one is given some positive integer valued independent $(U_i)$ i.i.d. and $(V_i)$ i.i.d. and one is at state $1$ at time $n$ if there exists some $k$ such that$$\sum_{i=1}^k(U_i+V_i)\leqslant n\lt U_{k+1}+\sum_{i=1}^k(U_i+V_i),$$ and one is at state $2$ otherwise.
The distributions of every $U_i$ and every $V_i$ are as follows: for every $n$, $P(U_i\geqslant n+1\mid U_i\geqslant n)$ is the probability to stay at state $1$ one more step when one is at state $1$ for $n$ steps, likewise, $P(V_i\geqslant n+1\mid V_i\geqslant n)$ is the probability to stay at state $2$ one more step when one is at state $2$ for $n$ steps.
In the example given in the post, this means that $$P(V=1)=0.8,\quad P(V=2)=0.2\times0.5,\quad P(V=3)=0.2\times0.5\times0.2.$$
• So $P(V = 1)$ is the probability that one is in state 2 for 1 step? Should that not be $p_{k,12} = 0.1$ then? The probability of jumping from state 1 to 2? Assuming that interpretation of $P(V = 1)$ is correct. Then $P(V = 2) = p_{k,12} * p_{k+1,22}$ and $P(V = 3) = p_{k,12} * p_{k+1,22} * p_{k+2,22}$? $p_{k,ij}$ denotes the element $p_{ij}$ of the $P_k$th matrix. Sorry I am a bit confused. Also maybe see my added link in my post. – WG- Sep 28 '14 at 14:52
• One stays in state 2 for 1 step when one leaves state 2 as soon as possible, thus, with probability $(P)_{2,1}=.8$. Likewise, $(V=2)$ corresponds first to a decision to stay at 2 (probability $(P)_{2,2}=.2$) and second to a decision, one time later, to leave state 2 (probability $(P_2)_{2,1}=.5$). – Did Sep 28 '14 at 15:49
• Your setting is quite different from the one in the MO page since transitions in your model depend on the duration of the stay at the present state, that is, transitions at time $n$ are given by a matrix $P_{n-L_n}$, where $L_n$ is the time of arrival at present state, not $P_n$ as on the MO page. – Did Sep 28 '14 at 15:55