The limit of $(n!)^{1/n}/n$ as $n\to\infty$ [duplicate]

Question

(Proof necessary)

$$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}{n}$$

I don't have an answer yet, but I know it exists, and is less than $1$.

Edit. Winther's answer is the most correct I don't understand how he is jumping from (log(n!) - nlog( n )) to it equal to the Sum from k=1 to n of log(k/n). Don't presume, it's wrong, I need to go, and I'll keep looking at it when I get back

Any help is appreciated

Answer 1

Put $$a_n = \frac{n!^{1/n}}{n}$$

then $$\log a_n = \frac{1}{n}\left(\log n! - n\log n\right)= \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\log\left(\frac{k}{n}\right)$$

where we have used $\log n! = \log 1 + \log 2 + \ldots + \log n$. The sum above is a Riemann sum for the integral $\int_0^1\log x dx$ so

$$\lim_{n\to\infty} \log a_n = \int_0^1\log x dx = [x\log x - x]_0^1 = -1$$

and it follows that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n = \frac{1}{e}$$

Answer 2

Here is a simple elementary proof I found, but first of all, some lemmas:

• This one could easily be proven by induction: $\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^{n}\left(1+\frac{1}{k} \right) = n+1$

• You can try to prove this inequality yourself since it's not difficult: $\displaystyle \left (1+\frac{1}{k} \right )^k\leq e \leq \left (1+\frac{1}{k} \right)^{k+1}\\$

• This inequality is the one I'm going to use though because it gives a much tighter bound on our sequence and that's just more fun, though you could use the second inequality without change in proof. I could give you the proof if needed:$\displaystyle \left (1+\frac{1}{k} \right )^k\leq e \leq \left (1+\frac{1}{k} \right)^{k+1/2}\\$

Ok, so here is the proof:

• We first write $n^n/n!$ in a better way: $\displaystyle \frac{n^n}{n!}=\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\left(1+\frac{1}{k} \right)^n \cdot \prod_{i=1}^{n-1}\prod_{k=1}^{i} \left(1+\frac{1}{k} \right)^{-1}=\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\left(1+\frac{1}{k} \right)^n\cdot \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \left(1+\frac{1}{i} \right)^{-(n-i)}=\prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \left(1+\frac{1}{i} \right)^{i}$
• Now, we use our inequalities to bound our sequence. First, an upper bound: $\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \left(1+\frac{1}{i} \right)^{i} \leq \prod_{i=1}^{n-1}e^{1}=e^{n-1}$
• Then, a lower bound: $\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \left(1+\frac{1}{i} \right)^{i} \geq \prod_{i=1}^{n-1}\left (e^{1} \cdot \left(1+\frac{1}{i}\right)^{-1/2} \right )=\frac{e^{n-1}}{\sqrt[2]{n}}$
• Now, since $\frac{n!^{1/n}}{n}=(\frac{n^n}{n!})^{-1/n}$, we get: $\displaystyle e^{\frac{1}{n}-1} \leq \frac{(n!)^{1/n}}{n} \leq e^{\frac{1}{n}-1} \cdot \sqrt[2n]{n}$
• Finally, by the squeeze theorem, we get $\displaystyle e^{0-1} \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{(n!)^{1/n}}{n} \leq e^{0-1} \cdot 1$
• Hence, $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{(n!)^{1/n}}{n}=e^{-1}$

I know there are simpler proofs, but this one is elementary and I feel like it gives you the direct intuition as to why it's true.

Answer 3

Let $\displaystyle a_n=\frac{n!}{n^n}$.

Then $\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{(n+1)!}{(n+1)^{n+1}}\cdot\frac{n^n}{n!}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{n^n}{(n+1)^n}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{(1+\frac{1}{n})^n}=\frac{1}{e}$,

so $\;\;\;\;\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}(a_n)^{\frac{1}{n}}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}{n}=\frac{1}{e}$ $\hspace{.2 in}$ (since $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\rightarrow L\implies(a_n)^{\frac{1}{n}}\rightarrow L)$.

Answer 4

Stirling's Approximation $$ n!\sim \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n $$ Which means that $n!$ is asymptotically equivalent to $\sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n$ as $n$ approaches $\infty$. If your familiar with asymptotic formulas, then you'd also know that this implies that $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n!}{\sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n} =1 $$ Now, using the algebraic laws of limits, we have $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} n!=\lim_{n\to\infty} \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n $$ $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} e^n=\lim_{n\to\infty} \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n^n}{n!}\right) $$ $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} e=\lim_{n\to\infty} (2\pi n)^{\frac{1}{2n}}\left(\frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right) $$ So now $$ e=\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} e^{\ln(2\pi n)^{\frac{1}{2n}}}\right]\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right] =\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} e^{\frac{\ln(2\pi n)}{2n}}\right]\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right] $$ $$ =\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} e^{\frac{\frac{d}{dn}\ln(2\pi n)}{\frac{d}{dn}2n}}\right]\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right] =\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} e^{\frac{1}{2n}}\right]\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right] $$ $$ =e^0\left[\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right]=1\cdot \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}} $$ Thus $$ e=\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}} $$ And now we can easily see that $$ \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}{n}= \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{\left(\frac{n}{(n!)^{\frac{1}{n}}}\right)}=\frac{1}{e} $$ Let me know if you have any questions.

Answer 5

Hint. Take the natural logarithm of $\dfrac{(n!)^{1/n}}{n}$ and obtain $$ \frac{\log 1+\log 2+\cdots+\log n}{n}-\log n=\frac{\log (1/n)+\log(2/n)+\cdots+\log(n/n)}{n} \\=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\log\left(\frac{k}{n}\right) \to \int_0^1 \log x\,dx=-1. $$

Answer 6

Hint (Sterling): $$n! \sim \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n$$