# Is $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)}$ convergent?

As I was just checking this 'child prodigy' out on Youtube, I stumbled upon this video, in which Glenn Beck asks the kid to do the following proof:

Further on, the kid starts sketching a proof (without a shadow of a doubt regarding the accuracy of his solution ) including the Integral Test. I don't know much about improper integrals since I just finished highschool, but this integral approach seemed, intuitively, pretty inaccurate to me since this is not a strictly decreasing function. Then I found this out from Wikipedia ! Conditions for the Integral Test.

Furthermore, the blunt assessment that the series are convergent seems dubious as well..Upon a few computations of my own(mostly partial sums) , I tend to believe that the series are, in fact, divergent .

Can anyone suggest a rigurous take on this problem (easy as it may seem to some amongst you) ?

• But the sum $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac {\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)}$$ does not converge. Am I reading the chalk board wrong? – UserX Sep 9 '14 at 21:53
• Haha, no! that's my contention as well – Victor Sep 9 '14 at 21:55
• This is interesting indeed, as one should immediately see that the relevant integral diverges by oscillation (if they were not keen enough to notice that the partial sums do not converge). – Gahawar Sep 9 '14 at 22:05
• Who came up with this question? I think the kid shouldn't be entirely blamed, but also whoever came up with the question. Wrong questions can trip up experienced mathematicians too, since some take shortcuts when they assume the result is true. – Fengyang Wang Sep 9 '14 at 22:13
• Why should the kid be blamed at all? He set up the integral correctly, and was making sensible first steps towards evaluating it when he was asked to stop working. There are some shortcuts he could have employed, but anybody could overlook those in two minutes. – Slade Sep 10 '14 at 5:54

Yes the series is indeed divergent. A necessary condition for the series to be convergent is, that the sequence $$\frac{\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)}$$ tends to zero as $n\to\infty$. This, however, is not the case as $$\left|\frac{\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)} \right|\geq \left|\frac{\sin(2n)}{2}\right|$$ and $\sin(2n)$ obviously does not tend to $0$.

• Thanks @Peter, this sorted out the pickle Mr. Beck put me in ! +1 – Victor Sep 9 '14 at 22:16
• Well, to be fair, it's not completely obvious that $\sin(2n)$ does not tend to zero. To show that, notice that if $\lvert \sin(2n)\rvert <1/2$, then $\lvert\sin(2n+2)\rvert>1/2$ or $\lvert\sin(2n-2)\rvert>1/2$, because $2<2\pi/3$. – tomasz Sep 9 '14 at 22:26
• The series is not convergent, it doesn't mean that it is divergent. – Felice Iandoli Sep 9 '14 at 22:32
• I think it does exactly mean that. – Peter Sep 9 '14 at 22:35
• @Felice: Well, it seems to be just a discussion about notation. For me 'divergent' means by definition 'not convergent'. (Wikipedia has actually the same definition of divergent: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series). So in my opinion, a bounded, not convergent series is still divergent, although it does not tend to infinity. – Peter Sep 10 '14 at 8:36

\begin{align} \sin(2n) &= 2\sin(n)\cos(n) = -\frac{\mathrm i}{2}\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(2\mathrm in)^n - (-2\mathrm i n)^n}{n!} \\ &= -\frac{\mathrm i}2 \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{n^n(2^n(\mathrm i^n - \mathrm i^{3n}))}{n!} \\ &= -\frac12 \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(2\mathrm in)^n(1 - (-1)^n)}{n!}. \end{align}

Noting $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left|\frac{(2n)^n\mathrm i^{n+3}}{n!}\right| = \infty,$$ and that the radius of curvature is $\limsup_{n\to\infty}{(n!/(2n)^n)^{1/n}} = \lim{n\to\infty}(2n)^{-1} = 0,$ and that $$1 \le (1+\cos^4 n) \le 2,$$ it is evident that both the real and imaginary parts of the series $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\sin 2n}{1+\cos^4 n}$$ diverge.

Similarly, the same is true of both real and imaginary parts of denominator. Hence the series neither converges nor diverges.

Accomplished by expressing $\sin(n)\cos(n)$ exponentially and implementing the exponential serial expansion. Similarly the denominator.

From divergence test it is obvious too that $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)}$ must diverge.

As, $$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\frac{\sin(2n)}{1+\cos^4(n)} \neq 0.$$