Galois group of $X^{5}-2X+7$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ Is there any way to determine the Galois group of $X^{5}-2X+7$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ not using the discriminant? Thanks!
 A: Following Nishant's suggestion the calculation might go as follows.
Modulo $p=2$ our polynomial $f(x)=x^5-2x+7$ factors as
$$
f(x)\equiv x^5+1=(x+1)(x^4-x^3+x^2-x+1).
$$
This tells us many things. For example the only possible non-trivial factorization over $\Bbb{Q}$ must have a linear factor. But the rational root test quickly tells us that those don't exist. Thus $p(x)$ is irreducible in $\Bbb{Q}[x]$, and the Galois group $G\le S_5$ thus acts transitively on the set of five roots of $f(x)$. 
By Dedekind's theorem we also see that $G$ contains a 4-cycle, so we can tell that $G$ is doubly transitive, and that $|G|\ge 5\cdot4=20$. Note that the modulo $2$ factors above were distinct. This was crucial, as otherwise we could not have made this deduction. This also implies that $p=2$ does not divide the discriminant.
What other primes to try? Somehow $p=7$ suggests itself. We immediately get the factorization
$$
f(x)=x^5-2x=x(x^4-2).
$$
Here we get a bit of luck as modulo $7$ we have $2\equiv9=3^2$. Therefore we can factor further:
$$
f(x)=x(x^4-9)=x(x^2-3)(x^2+3)=x(x^2-3)(x^2-4)=x(x^2-3)(x-2)(x+2).
$$
It is, indeed, our lucky day, as $3$ is a quadratic non-residue modulo $7$, so we have a single irreducible quadratic factor and three distinct linear factors. Dedekind's theorem thus tells us that $G$ contains a 2-cycle.
It is a known fact that when a subgroup of $S_5$ contains a 5-cycle and a 2-cycle, it must be all of $S_5$. Alternatively we could deduce that $G$ must have at least $40$ elements, and, because it contains a 2-cycle, is not a subgroup of $A_5$.
Anyway: $G=S_5$ is the only remaining option.
A: Well, you can factor it modulo a bunch of primes to see what cycle types of elements of $S_5$ are in the Galois group, but of course, you can't use primes that divide the discriminant.
A: for $f(x)=x^5-2x+7$ what is $f'(x)$
how many real roots do you think this would have??
A: Using Dummit & Foote's Abstract Algebra book Page 639 Exercise 21, I can tell you that the Galois group is not solvable. This because they know that the Galois group of a quintic in the form
$$
f(x) = x^5 + Ax + B
$$
is solvable over $\mathbb Q$ (but do not prove it there, they just give a reference ; note that your polynomial has this form) if and only if the following associated polynomial of degree $6$ has a rational root : 
$$
g(x) = x^6 + 8Ax^5 + 40A^2 x^4 + 160 A^3 x^3 + 400 A^4 x^2 + (512 A^5 - 3125 B^4)x - 9375 AB^4 + 256 A^6. 
$$
So in this case you can use the rational root theorem to compute the solvability of your polynomial. I did this for you ; in our case $-9375 AB^4 + 256 A^6 = 45035134 = 2 \times 821 \times 27427$ a product of three primes, so there were only $16$ evaluations of $g(x)$ to do, which I did with Wolfram Alpha ; your polynomial is not solvable over $\mathbb Q$. 
Hope that helps,
