non-Borel subset of uncountable Tychonoff space Let $X$ be an uncountable Tychonoff space. Must there exist a non-Borel subset of $X$?
 A: Maybe it is the trivial counterexample, but take any uncountable discrete metric space. Every set is open, so every set is Borel.
A: This is an addition to Asaf Karagila's correct answer.
The standard argument which works for $\mathbb{R}$ is like this: Let $\mathcal{O}(X)$ denote set of all open subsets of topological space $X$, $\mathcal{B}(X)$ set of all Borel subsets of $X$. Also let $σ(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{S})$ denote the $σ$-algebra generated by the system $\mathcal{A}$ in $σ$-algebra $\mathcal{S}$. So we have $\mathcal{B}(X) = σ(\mathcal{O}(X), \mathcal{P}(X))$.
Since generating a $σ$-algebra means adding countable unions and intersections, it holds that $|σ(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{S})| ≤ $ |A| + 2^ω $|\mathcal{A}|^ω$. So if $X$ is a topological space such that $|\mathcal{O}(X)|^ω < |\mathcal{P}(X)|$, we have that $|\mathcal{B}(X)| ≤ |\mathcal{O}(X)|^ω < |\mathcal{P}(X)|$. So there is a non-Borel subset of $X$.
Also note that $|\mathcal{O}(X)| ≤ 2^{nw(X)}$, whete $nw(X)$ is network weight of a topological space $X$. So if $X$ satisfies $2^{nw(X)} ≤ |X|$, then we have $|\mathcal{O}(X)|^ω ≤ (2^{nw(X)})^ω = 2^{nw(X)} ≤ |X| < |\mathcal{P}(X)|$. So second countable space of size at least continuum (e.g. $\mathbb{R}$) has a non-Borel subset, as Tomek Kania says in his answer.
A: Sometimes trivial counter-examples are very good and Asaf actually provided one. In general, as Asaf, pointed out the answer is no. However, it is a standard yet challenging exercise on transfinite induction to show that if your space $X$ is additionally second countable then the cardinality of the family of Borel sets is continuum. So the answer is yes for spaces which are second countable and have cardinality continuum.
Note that there are even compact Hausdorff spaces for which every subset is Borel – just take your favourite countable successor ordinal with the order topology. More generally, take any countable Tychonoff space.
