Whether two quotients of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ are isomorphic. Let $H_1$ be the subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ generated by $\{(1,2),(4,1)\}$, let $H_2$ be the subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ generated by $\{(3,2),(1,3)\}$. Is it true that $\mathbb{Z}^2/H_1\cong  \mathbb{Z}^2/H_2?$
In general, if $H_1$ is generated by $\{x,y\}$ and $H_2$ is generated by $\{u,v\}$, what is a sufficient and necessary condition that $\mathbb{Z}^2/H_1\cong \mathbb{Z}^2/H_2$?
 A: Answer in the form of a keyword which will answer your question and its generalization to $\mathbb Z^n$: Smith normal form.
A: Let $R$ be a ring and $M$ an $R$-module. Suppose $u,v\in R^\times$ are units. Then for any $\pi\in R$,
$$\frac{M}{u\pi\color{Green}{vM}}=\frac{M}{u\pi\color{Green}{M}}\cong \frac{\color{Blue}{u^{-1}M}}{\pi M}=\frac{\color{Blue}{M}}{\pi M} \implies \frac{M}{u\pi v M}\cong\frac{M}{\pi M}.$$
The isomorphism is given by multiplication-by-$u^{-1}$. Let $M=\Bbb Z^n$ and $R=M_n(\Bbb Z)$ and take any integer matrix $A\in M_n(\Bbb Z)$, then $A$ has a smith normal form $A=UDV$ where $U,V\in{\rm GL}_n(\Bbb Z)$ are invertible and $D={\rm diag}(d_1,\cdots,d_n)$ is a diagonal integer matrix. Since $D\Bbb Z^n=d_1\Bbb Z\times\cdots\times d_n\Bbb Z$,
$$\frac{\Bbb Z^n}{A\Bbb Z^n}\cong\frac{\Bbb Z^n}{D\Bbb Z^n}=\frac{\Bbb Z\times\cdots\times\Bbb Z}{d_1\Bbb Z\times\cdots\times d_n\Bbb Z}\cong\frac{\Bbb Z}{d_1\Bbb Z}\times\cdots\times\frac{\Bbb Z}{d_n\Bbb Z}.$$
This gives the invariant factor decomposition of $\Bbb Z^n/A\Bbb Z^n$. Lastly, using column vectors,
$$\left\langle\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}\\ \vdots\\ a_{n1}\end{pmatrix},\cdots,\begin{pmatrix}a_{n1}\\ \vdots \\ a_{nn}\end{pmatrix}\right\rangle =\left\{b_1\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}\\ \vdots\\ a_{n1}\end{pmatrix}+\cdots+b_n\begin{pmatrix}a_{n1}\\ \vdots \\ a_{nn}\end{pmatrix}:b_1,\cdots,b_n\in\Bbb Z\right\} $$
$$=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}a_{11} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n\end{pmatrix}:~\begin{pmatrix} b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n\end{pmatrix}\in\Bbb Z^n \right\}=A\Bbb Z^n.$$
This justifies the use of matrices. If the number of vectors you're using to generate a subgroup of $\Bbb Z^n$ is less than $n$, then one can pad the list using zero vectors to get a list of $n$ vectors. If one is using a list of more than $n$ vectors, then one will have to use the more general SNF for nonsquare matrices, and justify its use in much the same way. Note that as a corollary, since $|\det A|=|\det D|=d_1\cdots d_n$ is equal to the size of $|\Bbb Z/d_1\Bbb Z\times\cdots\times\Bbb Z/d_n\Bbb Z|$ if all $d_i\ne0$, we know $|\Bbb Z^n/A\Bbb Z^n|=|\det A|$ if $\det A\ne0$.
Here one can compute $\det(\begin{smallmatrix}1&4\\2&1\end{smallmatrix})=1-8=-7$ and $\det(\begin{smallmatrix}3&1\\2&3\end{smallmatrix})=9-2=7$. Since there is only one abelian group of order $7$, the quotients must be isomorphic. In general, a sufficient condition for the quotients $\Bbb Z^n/A\Bbb Z^n\cong\Bbb Z^m/B\Bbb Z^m$ to be isomorphic is $|\det A|=|\det B|$ being a squarefree integer (forcing there to be only one abelian group of that order, up to isomorphism), but this is far from a necessary condition.
A: In general, the quotient is isomorphic to $\prod_{k=1}^{n}\frac{\mathbb Z}{d_k\mathbb Z}$
where the $d_k$ are the "elementary divisors", i.e. the diagonal coefficients
in the Smith Normal Form.  
To expand on Mariano’s answer in your example : the Smith normal form
for $((1,2),(4,1))$ is ${\sf diag}(1,7)$ and $H_1={\sf span}((7,0),(-3,1))$.
Similarly, the Smith normal form
for $((3,2),(1,3))$ is ${\sf diag}(1,7)$ and $H_2={\sf span}((7,0),(-2,1))$.
Denote by $p_i$ the natural projection ${\mathbb Z}^2 \to \frac{{\mathbb Z}^2}{H_i}$.
For $(x,y)\in{\mathbb Z}^2$, we have $(x,y)=y(-3,1)+(x+3y,0)$, so
$p_1(x,y)=p_1(x+3y,0)$ and hence 
$$H_1=p_1({\mathbb Z}^2)=p_1({\mathbb Z}\times\lbrace 0 \rbrace)
\approx \frac{\mathbb Z}{7{\mathbb Z}}.$$
A similar argument shows that  $H_2\approx \frac{\mathbb Z}{7{\mathbb Z}}$.
A: Both determinants are 7 and therefore the quotient is a group of order 7. Since such a group is unique, the quotients are isomorphic.
