The (un)decidability of Robinson-Arithmetic-without-Multiplication? Take our old friend Robinson Arithmetic, and cut it down to a theory of successor and addition. 
To spell that out (just to ensure that we are singing from the same hymn sheet), take the first-order theory  with $\mathsf{0}$ as the sole constant, and $\mathsf{S}$ and $+$ as the built-in function signs, with the five axioms 


*

*$\mathsf{\forall x\ 0 \neq Sx}$

*$\mathsf{\forall x\forall y\ Sx = Sy \to x = y}$

*$\mathsf{\forall x(x \neq 0 \to \exists y\ x = Sy)}$

*$\mathsf{\forall x\ (x + 0) = x}$

*$\mathsf{\forall x\forall y\ (x + Sy) = S(x + y)}$


and whose deductive system is your favourite classical first-order logic with identity.
Since this cut-down theory doesn't represent the recursive functions, you can't use the usual proof of undecidability for an arithmetic. Since this cut-down theory doesn't even know that addition is commutative, i.e. can't prove $\mathsf{\forall x\forall y\ x = y = y + x}$, you can't do the kind of manipulations inside the theory involved in a quantifier-elimination proof of decidability (cf. what happens when we add induction to this theory to get Presburger arithmetic, i.e. Peano Arithmetic minus multiplication). 
Ermmmm .... so .... Drat it, I ought to know how to prove that this cut-down theory is decidable or that it is undecidable. But I seem to have forgotten, assuming I ever knew, and searching around hasn't helped me out. OK folks, I'm more than likely to be having a senior moment here -- so be gentle! -- but how do we show the theory is (un)decidable? 
 A: It is undecidable.
Let $\mathcal L$ be the first-order language with equality and one binary predicate $p({-},{-})$ and no constants or function symbols. Call an $\mathcal L$-sentence of the form $\varphi\land \exists x\exists y(x\ne y)$ "fancy" -- it is then well known that satisfiability of fancy sentences is undecidable.
Consider the following translation from $\mathcal L$ into the your additive Robinson arithmetic:
$$\overline{\varphi\land\psi} \equiv \overline\varphi\land\overline \psi \qquad \overline{\neg\varphi} \equiv \neg\overline\varphi$$
$$\overline{\exists x.\varphi} \equiv \exists x(x=\mathsf S x \land \overline\varphi) \qquad \overline{x=y} \equiv x=y$$
$$\overline{p(x,y)} \equiv x+y=x $$
Now clearly if $\varphi$ is a fancy sentence and $\overline{\varphi}$ is consistent with additive Robinson arithmetic, then $\varphi$ is satisfiable -- it is trivial to derive a model of the latter from a model of the former; the domain will be the elements that are their own successors.
On the other hand if $\varphi$ is a satisfiable fancy sentence, then there's a model of additive Robinson arithmetic that satisfies $\overline\varphi$, as follows:
Let $(A,p)$ be a model of $\varphi$; without loss of generality take $A$ to be disjoint from $\mathbb N$. Because $\varphi$ is fancy $A$ has at least two elements, so let $f:A\to A$ be such that $f(a)\ne a$ for all $a\in A$. Now construct an model of additive Robinson arithmetic with domain $\mathbb N\cup A$, as follows:
$$ 0 = 0 $$
$$ \mathsf S n = (n+1) \qquad \mathsf Sa = a$$
$$ n\oplus n' = (n+n') \qquad a\oplus n= n\oplus a = a \qquad
a\oplus a' = \begin{cases} a & \text{when }p(a,a') \\ f(a) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$
A: Consider the model $\mathfrak{M}$ with domain the natural numbers $\mathbb{N}$ plus one more object, say $a$. Define $S$ on $\mathbb{N}$ normally and $Sa=a$. Define $+$ on $\mathbb{N}$ normally and $x+a=a+x=a$ for all $x \in \mathfrak{M}$.
Then it is quite easy to prove that $\mathfrak{M}$ is a model of the $5$ axioms in which the statement $\varphi$, "there exists an $x$ such that $Sx=x$" is true.
So $\varphi$ cannot be decided by the axioms since in the standard model it is false and true here, so the theory is undecidable.
