A field with characteristic $0$ contains $\mathbb Q$ To prove that a field $F$  with characteristic  $0$ contains $\mathbb Q$, the following lemma is used.
Lemma: Let $R$ be a ring with unity. If the characteristic of $R$ is $0$, then $R$ contains a subring isomorphic to $\mathbb Z$.
Solution: Let $S$ be a subring of $F$ that is $\approx \Bbb Z$. Let $T = \{ab^{-1}~~|~~a,b \in S, b \neq 0\}$.
Then it is stated that $T \approx \mathbb Q$. If we take a map $: ab^{-1} \rightarrow a/b$ . 

Then, clearly, $T \approx \mathbb Q$ under multiplication. Does isomorphism under addition need to be shown as well?

My book further states that the intersection of the subfields of a field is a subfield (called the prime subfield), so there exists a subfield (EDIT: and a prime subfield) isomorphic to the rationals.

I don't clearly understand this paragraph, did they just try to show that $T$ is a subfield of $F$?

The subfield test says that a subset $A$ of a field $F$ forms a subfield iff 
$(i) ~~a-b \in A ~~\forall~~a,b \in A$
$(ii)~~ab^{-1} \in A ~~\forall~~a,b \in A$
But, we don't know if $ef^{-1}-gh^{-1} = e (f^{-1}-e^{-1}gh^{-1})\in T?~~|~~ e,f,g,h \in S?$. I don't think $T$ should be a sub field. What is the book trying to say?
Thank you for your help ..
 A: Well, that subring $S$ is not only isomorphic to $\Bbb Z$, but it is generated by the unit element $1$ of the field $F$. More concretely $S$ consists of
$\pm(1+1+\dots+1)$ which are operations in $F$.
Yes, we have to verify that the given map also respects addition. But, using commutativity of multiplication we can imitate the common denominator:
$$ab^{-1}\,+\,cd^{-1}=adb^{-1}d^{-1}+bcb^{-1}d^{-1}=(ad+bc)b^{-1}d^{-1}\,.$$
I think the cited paragraph wants to say that $F$ not only contains $\Bbb Q$, but it is its smallest subfield, i.e. the intersection of all of its subfields.
A: If you think the subfield test is wrong then you should go back and review why it's sound. Indeed, the test tells us $0=a-a\in A$, hence $0-a\in A$ for all $a\in A$, so it's closed under additive inverses, and $1=aa^{-1}\in A$ for any nonzero $a\in A$, hence $1\in A$ and $1a^{-1}\in A$ for all nonzero $a\in A$, so it's also closed under multiplicative inverses. Addition is $a-(0-b)$ and multiplication $a(1b^{-1})^{-1}$, so the subset is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, it has $0$ and $1$, so it is a subfield. Hence we do know $ab^{-1}+cd^{-1}\in A$ if $a,b,c,d\in A$.
You say you don't think $T$ should be a subfield, but your intuition should suggest the opposite conclusion: $T$ is the set of all ratios between sums of $1$ and their additive inverses, which is exactly what the rationals $\Bbb Q$ are! This doesn't require the subfield test per se: one may argue that $T$ is a field in the exact same way that one argues $\Bbb Q$ is a field! Should be a trip down memory lane.
As for the intersection discussion: the prime subfield of a field is the minimal field, which has no smaller subfields, and one may prove that it is equal to the intersection of all subfields. Since $1$ is contained in all subfields, so are its sums and additive inverses, and their ratios, all by the closure property of the operations, so it follows that $T$ is contained in all subfields hence their intersection, hence the intersection equals $T$, hence $T$ is a prime subfield. Since $T\cong\Bbb Q$, this means we have shown that the field contains a prime subfield which is just a copy of $\Bbb Q$.
A: Hint The unique morphism $f:\Bbb Z\to F$ has $f(n)$ invertible for each $n\in\Bbb Z$ nonzero. Localize.
A: Hint $ $ Prove the  universal property of fraction fields: $ $ if $\,D\,$ is a domain with fraction field $\,F\,$ then a ring injection $h:D\to K\,$  into field $\,K\,$ (uniquely) extends to  $\,\hat h : F\to K,\,$ $\,\hat h(a/b) := h(a)h(b)^{-1}\!$
