Ideal class group of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-103})$ I want to calculate ideal class group of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-103})$. By Minkowsky bound every class has an ideal $I$ such that $N(I) \leq 6$. It is enough to consider prime ideals with the same property. Let me denote by $R$ the ring of integers. So we have
$2R= (2, \frac{1+\sqrt{-103}}{2})(2, \frac{1-\sqrt{-103}}{2})$, $3R$ and $5R$ are prime. Ideal class group is generated by $P=(2, \frac{1+\sqrt{-103}}{2})$. $N(P)=2$ and thus $P$ is not principal. Absolute norm $N(P^2)=4$ and if $P^2=(a)$ then $(a)=(2)$, but $P^2 \neq 2R$, because $2R=P \overline{P}$, $P \neq \overline{P}$. $N(P^3)$=8 and it is obvious that $P^3$ is not principal. How can I continue this argument for other powers of $P$ and when this stops?
 A: edit, December 2022. For a short time there was a place for blog posts relating to MSE or MO.  Jyrki had asked for a brief document on this
Original:  People do not seem to like the quadratic form description of things, but it is the case that, if the discriminant $\Delta$ is negative, the group of binary quadratic forms of discriminant $\Delta$ is isomorphic to the class group of $\mathbb Q(\sqrt \Delta).$  The conditions for this are either $\Delta \equiv 1 \pmod 4$ is squarefree, or  $\Delta$  is divisible by 4,  $\Delta /4$ is squarefree, and $\Delta /4 \equiv 2,3 \pmod 4.$
For you, $\Delta = -103 \equiv 1 \pmod 4.$ The group of forms, under Gaussian composition, is cyclic of order 5:
jagy@phobeusjunior:~/old drive/home/jagy/Cplusplus$ ./classGroup
Absolute value of discriminant?  103   class  number  5
 
( 1, 1, 26) 
( 2, -1, 13) 
( 2, 1, 13) 
( 4, -3, 7) 
( 4, 3, 7)

Each (A,B,C) refers to $A x^2 + B x y + C y^2.$
If you had a positive $\Delta,$ the congruence restrictions would be the same, we would need to also require that $\Delta$ not be a square, and we would be calculating the narrow class group. In this case, if there is an integral solution to $u^2 - \Delta v^2 = -4,$ narrow class group and class group agree, so we are done. If there is no solution to $u^2 - \Delta v^2 = -4,$ then the class group is the subgroup of squares of the narrow class group. Long story. In this latter case, you are, in effect, keeping the form that represents $1,$ but throwing out the (distinct in this case) form that represents $-1.$
A: As Jyrki Lahtonen notes in his comment, the norm of the principal ideal $I=\left(\frac{5+\sqrt{-103}}{2}\right)$ is $2^5$. It will therefore be enough to show that $I=P^5$ or $I=\bar{P}^5$, since 5 is prime and therefore will have to be the exact order of $P$ in the class group.
Now, $P$ and $\bar{P}$ are the only two ideals of $R=\mathbb{Z}\left[\frac{1+\sqrt{-103}}{2}\right]$ above 2. So we immediately know that $I=P^n\bar{P}^{5-n}$ for some $n$ between 0 and 5. But if $n$ is neither 0 nor 5, then $P\bar{P}=2R$ divides (i.e. contains) $I$, which immediately leads to a contradiction, since the generator is not divisible by 2 in $R$. So $I\not\subseteq 2R$, thus $n=0$ or 5 and we are done.
