The prime elements of the ring $ \mathbb{Z} \! \left[ \dfrac{i \sqrt{3} - 1}{2} \right] $. I have to study the prime elements of the ring $ \mathbb{Z} \! \left[ \dfrac{i \sqrt{3} - 1}{2} \right] $. For the moment, I cannot find the general form of such elements. Can you help me?
Thanks! :)
 A: There are two collections of primes in this ring:
$$
p, pj, \mbox{ and } pj^2 
$$
where $p \in \Bbb{Z^+}$ is a prime of the form $3k+2$, and
$$
a + bj
$$
where $a, b \in \Bbb{Z^+}$ and $a^2 -ab + b^2$ is a prime of the form $3k+2$.
All such numbers are prime and those are the only primes. I think Euler showed this first.
A: These are the Eisenstein primes, and it is more common to use the notation $\mathbb{Z}[\omega]$ where $$\omega = -\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{-3}}{2} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{-3}}{2}.$$ (This is a very special number for reasons that may seem like a sidetrack from your question).
According to MathWorld, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EisensteinPrime.html there are three classes of Eisenstein primes:


*

*$1 - \omega$ all by itself, apparently

*A positive prime $p \in \mathbb{Z}$ which also satisfies $p \equiv 2 \mod 3$ is also prime in $\mathbb{Z}[\omega]$. (If instead $p \equiv 1 \mod 3$, it can be divided by Eisenstein integers of smaller norms; for example, try factoring $7$ or $13$).

*A number of the form $a + b \omega$ or $a + b \omega^2$ such that $a^2 - ab + b^2 = p \equiv 1 \mod 3$ is a positive prime $p \in \mathbb{Z}$; therefore that prime number is actually composite in $\mathbb{Z}[\omega]$ and one of its factors is $a + b \omega$ or $a + b \omega^2$ (which is what I was getting at with my previous parenthetical).


If you have Mathematica, I would strongly recommend going to http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EisensteinInteger.html and downloading that Mathematica notebook to play around with these numbers a little bit. If you don't have Mathematica, try factoring some small positive integers in $\mathbb{Z}[\omega]$, e.g., 19, 23, 27, 29, 31, etc.
