calculating expected number of packets. To go with the Lego Movie, Lego sell minifigures of the characters from the movie.
They are sold in packets, where each packet contains one minifigure, and from the outside of the packet it is impossible to tell which minifigure is inside. There are $n$ minifigures to collect.
Assuming that each packet that my son buys is equally likely to contain any one of the
minifigures, show that the expected number of packets that he needs to buy to collect
the whole set is approximately $n \log n$.
[Hint: express the random variable that is the total number of packets as a sum of
simpler random variables, and use linearity of expectation.]
 A: First, create a series representing the chance of getting a mini-figure, assuming there are 4:
$$(4/4) + (3/4) + (2/4) + (1/4)$$
The first one has a 100% of not being already taken. After that there are 3 remaining. Now 2, before finally trying to get that last Lego. The average amount of figures bought before getting the correct figure is the series' reciprocal, aka. 1/4 says I average 4 attempts before getting the figure. 3/4 says I average 4/3 attempts. The true series is for total attempts is:
$$(4/4) + (4/3) + (4/2) + (4/1)$$
In series notation I get:
$$\sum_{n=1}^4 \frac 4n$$
or, more generally, for $x$ number of figures:
$$\sum_{n=1}^x \frac xn = x\sum_{n=1}^x \frac 1n$$
Which equals $xH_x$, $H_n$ being the $n$th harmonic number (Harmonic numbers defined as $\sum_{n=1}^x \frac 1n$). The harmonic numbers approach $ln(x)$, proofs found elsewhere, so the total estimated numbers of attempts is $xln(x)$, substituting $H_x$ with $ln(x)$.
Note: Using the $ln(x)$ is semi-accurate (Which is why the question uses the word "approximately", using the harmonic series is truly accurate. Even as $x$ approaches infinity, the $ln(x)$ is about $0.5772156649...$ away from the harmonic series (That number is the Euler–Mascheroni constant).
