Need an explanation for homomorphism in commutative algebra I'm self-learning commutative algebra following "Introduction to Commutative Algebra". When dealing with concepts like "contraction" and "extension", some exercises in this book don't specify which homomorphism it uses and make it hard to understand, like this problem:


Let $A$ be a ring and let $A[[x]]$ be the ring of formal power series with coefficients in $A$. Show that the contraction of a maximal ideal $m$ of $A[[x]]$ is maximal ideal of $A$, and $m$ is generated by $m^c$ and $x$. (Here $m^c$ is the contraction of $m$.)


In this problem, the author doesn't specify the homomorphism he uses. Is it the inclusion mapping $f(a) = a$??? And please help me to solve this problem, too. Thanks. I really appreciate.
 A: The statement of the problem talks about the contraction to $A$ of a maximal ideal $m$ of $A[[x]]$. So it is understood that the underlying ring homomorphism is the inclusion $f: A \rightarrow A[[x]]$. To solve the problem, try to understand the structure of $m$. In particular, show that the units of $A[[x]]$ are precisely the power series with a constant term $a_0$ that is a unit of $A$, i.e. $a_0 \in A^*$. So an element of $m$ must have constant term that is not a unit of $A$ and thus it must belong to some maximal ideal of $A$. 
A: The map is the inclusion map $f:A \mapsto A[[x]]$ which simply sends $a$ to the formal series $a$. I'll use the following Lemma which is easy to prove.
Lemma(Criterion for maximal ideal):If $m$ is a maximal ideal of $R$, then for every $a \notin m$, there exists some $r \in R$ such that $1+ra \in m$.

We have to show that if $M \subset A[[x]]$ is a maximal ideal, then the pullback $f^{-1}(M)$ is a maximal ideal of $A$.
Following the note of Manos' answer, note that $x  \in M$ because if not, then by the Lemma, for some $g\in A[[x]]$, we have $1+xg \in M$. Since $1$ is a unit, $1+xg$ is a unit, a contradiction. 
So, every element of $M$ is of the form $\sum a_{n}x^{n}$ where $a_{0}$ is not a unit. Now, assume that $f^{-1}(M)$ is not a maximal ideal.Pulling back the maximal ideal, we find that there must be some $a \notin f^{-1}(M)$ such that $f^{-1}(M)+(a) \subset A$.
$\Rightarrow M+(a)=A[[x]] \Rightarrow 1=m+ra$ for some $r\in A[[x]]$ and $m \in M$. $r$ must be degree 0(why?) i.e in the image of the inclusion. So, $m$ is the image of the inclusion $f$ too. But this means that $f^{-1}(M)+(a)$ contains $1$, a contradiction. 
