Why is $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$ a Dedekind domain? What is the best way to understand that $D:=\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$ is a Dedekind domain?
I first noticed that $X^2+Y^2-1$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]$ since it is $Y-1$ Eisenstein in $\mathbb{Q}[Y][X]$. It follows that $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$ is an integral domain. By Hilbert Basis theorem, $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]$ is Noetherian, so this quotient is too.
I know that a Dedekind domain is precisely a Noetherian integral domain which is integrally closed in its fraction field, and has Krull dimension $1$. However, computing the fraction field and showing $D$ is integrally closed in it seems quite difficult, and showing the Krull dimension is 1 also seems difficult.
I'm aware of another result that a Noetherian integral domain is Dedekind domain if the localization at every prime is a discrete valuation ring. I think the prime ideals of $D$ are precisely the canonical images of the prime ideals containing $(X^2+Y^2-1)$ in $D$. But I'm stuck trying to get a general handle on $D_P$ and seeing it is a DVR. What is the best way to see this claim (preferably algebraically, not geometrically)? Thanks.
 A: The curve $f(x,y)=x^2+y^2-1=0$  is smooth by the jacobian criterion, just as in calculus: at each of its points one at least of the partial derivatives  $\partial f/\partial x=2x$ or $\partial f/\partial y=2y$ is nonzero.
And a smooth  affine curve    has as coordinate ring a Dedekind ring. That's all (if you use geometry).
A: This is another geometric proof, but it yields an algebraic proof at the end.
Let $R = \mathbf{Q}[x,y]/(x^2 + y^2 - 1)$.
Recall that any line through $(1,0)$ meets the circle in exactly one other point (the tangent line meets the circle twice, so the "other" point is also $(1,0)$). So we can identify points on the circle with slopes of lines through $(1,0)$.
Grinding through the algebra, we get the rational parametrization of the circle
$$t \mapsto \left( \frac{2t}{t^2+1}, \frac{t^2-1}{t^2+1} \right) $$
and correspondingly, we get an isomorphism of the fraction field of your ring with $\mathbf{Q}(t)$ given by
$$ (x,y) \mapsto \left( \frac{2t}{t^2+1}, \frac{t^2-1}{t^2+1} \right) \qquad \qquad t \mapsto \frac{y+1}{x} $$
Geometrically, your ring is missing its two points at infinity, with homogeneous coordinates $(1 : \pm i : 0)$. These correspond to the points $t = 1 \pm i$ on the projective line with parameter $t$.
We deal imaginary coordinates with the following artifice: $R[i]$ is an integral extension of $R$, so your ring is Dedekind iff $R[i]$ is.
Let $u = 1 / (t - 1 - i)$. Then $\mathbf{Q}(i, t) = \mathbf{Q}(i, u)$, but the ring $\mathbf{Q}[i, u]$ corresponds to the curve missing the point $t = 1+i$.
The other missing point is $t = 1-i$, or $u = i/2$. Therefore, I assert
$$ R[i] \cong \mathbf{Q}\left[i, u, \frac{1}{u - i/2} \right] $$
with the isomorphism given by
$$ (x,y) \mapsto \left( \frac{2u(1 + (1+i) u)}{(u+1)(1+(1+2i)u)}
, \frac{(1+iu)(1+(2+i)u)}{(u+1)(1+(1+2i)u)}
\right) $$
$$ u \mapsto \frac{x}{(-1-i) x+ y + 1} $$
and the latter ring is a localization of the Dedekind domain $\mathbf{Q}(i)[u]$.
A: Here is a purely algebraic approach.
Think of the ring $\mathbf Q[x,y]/(x^2+y^2-1)$ as a quadratic extension of $\mathbf Q[x]$: since $y^2 = 1-x^2$ in this ring, we can regard the ring as  $\mathbf Q[x][\sqrt{1-x^2}]$.  This is analogous to $\mathbf Z[\sqrt{d}]$ as an extension of $\mathbf Z$, with $\mathbf Q[x]$ (a PID) playing the role of $\mathbf Z$ (a PID) and $1-x^2$ playing the role of $d$. When $d$ is squarefree, $\mathbf Z[\sqrt{d}]$ is integrally closed unless $d \equiv 1 \bmod 4$. Run through the analogue of that argument for $\mathbf Q[x][\sqrt{1-x^2}]$, noting $1-x^2 = (1+x)(1-x)$ is squarefree in $\mathbf Q[x]$, and in the polynomial setting the whole issue related to congruences mod $4$ doesn't occur since $2$ is a unit in $\mathbf Q[x]$ (unlike in $\mathbf Z$).
In fact, for all squarefree $f(x)$ in $\mathbf Q[x]$, the ring $\mathbf Q[x][\sqrt{f(x)}]$ is integrally closed.
