Estimation of $\pi$ using dice I have been asked in a Quant interview to estimate the value of $\pi$ using dice. I don't know even how to start with. Any help would be appreciated.
Thanks.
 A: Let $N$ be the number of dice thrown randomly over a square of area $R\times R$. The largest circle inscribed has area $\pi R^2/4$. Let $N=R\times R$. The number of darts that fall inside the circle is the area of the circle: $N_{in}=\pi R^2/4$, i.e.,
$$\pi=\dfrac{4N_{in}}{N}$$
Edit What I did seems almost in parallel to http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs100j/2004sp/Notes/h0506.pdf, and hence I will cite it here as a reference.
A: Suppose the die is a 1-inch cube. Draw a bunch of parallel lines spaced 1-inch apart. When you roll a die onto this field of lines, it will always cross one line (although it's not "impossible" to land right between two lines, there's $0$ chance that it will.) Sometimes, the die will cross two lines.
You can compute the theoretical likelihood that it will cross two lines, and it involves $\pi$. Then you can roll the die and get an empirical probability. Set the two things equal, solve for $\pi$, and you have an approximation.
This is a lot like the famous needle problem, where you view a face-diagonal of the die as the needle.
To calculate the theoretical probability, we only care about where the center of mass of the die lands along a line orthogonal to the lines we sketched, and the angle that the face-diagonal make with the drawn lines. In the epression below, the "$2$" and "$8$" exploit symmetry to make the integral easier to write. The probability is $$\frac{2\cdot\int_{y={1-\sqrt{2}/2}}^{y=1/2}8\cdot\int_{\theta=\arcsin\left(\frac{1-y}{\sqrt{2}/2}\right)}^{\theta=\pi/2}\,d\theta\,dy}{\int_{y=0}^{y=1}\int_{\theta=0}^{\theta=2\pi}\,d\theta\,dy}$$ which simplifies to 
$$\frac{4}{\pi}-1$$
So eventually, after enough die tosses, $0.2732...$ of them will have crossed two lines. Adding $1$ to this, dividing by $4$, and inverting will give an estimate of $\pi$.
If you want to know how many tosses it will take until you can be reasonably sure that you will have $\pi$ correct to three digits, that's about the same as getting the empirical probability to have an error less than $0.001$. Assuming we do not know a decimal for $\frac{4}{\pi}-1$, we would assume the worst case: that this is $0.5$. In that case, to have an error of under $0.001$ with $95\%$ certainty, we would solve $$0.001=1.96\sqrt{\frac{0.5\cdot0.5}{n}}$$ and you'd need over $960{,}000$ tosses. I'd be surprised if any of the dice-based methods for approximating $\pi$ are markedly faster than this.
A: Each die roll generates $2.58$ bits of entropy, and a sequence of die rolls can generate a uniformly distributed random real number in $[0,1]$ to any desired degree of precision. (For example, consider the die rolls to be a sequence of base-6 digits, where a roll of 6 represents a 0 digit.) 
Generate two such random numbers, $x$ and $y$, appending digits to each until there are enough digits in both numbers to establish with certainty whether $x^2+y^2 < 1$ or $x^2+y^2>1$. (Equality occurs with probability $0$ and can be disregarded.)  If $x^2+y^2<1$, add a tally to the "in" column; otherwise add a tally to the "out" column.
After generating a $n = \mbox{in}+\mbox{out}$ such pairs, and so accumulating a total of $n$ tallies, we have $$\pi\approx 4\frac{\mbox{in}}{\mbox{in}+\mbox{out}}.$$
The idea here is that $x$ and $y$ determine a random point in the square $[0,1]^2$ that is uniformly distributed. The area of the quarter-circular region $x^2+y^2<1$ is $\frac\pi4$, and so a uniformly selected point in the square will lie in that region with probability $\frac\pi4$.
A: You can do it using simple geometry like someone said. Take a square of sides R and cut it into smaller equalsized squares, preferably the size of the dice. So it's advisable that R is a multiple of the length of a side of the dice. Then stick the squares randomly in a circle on radius R, without any overlapping. When you throw the dice in the circle, count the number of times at least half of the die falls in a square. Now the total number of throws divided by the number of throws landing on a square should give you pi.
A: Surface area of a sphere = $4\pi r^2$. Surface area of a die = $24r^2$. Therefore $\pi = 6$.  
Or: Volume of a sphere = $\frac43 \pi r^3$. Volume of a die = $8r^3$. Therefore $\pi=6$.  
Looks watertight to me.
A: The problem with dice is that they do not represent a uniform distribution in the unit square. The image below illustrates the problem. Yellow dots are interior to the circle of radius 6. Red dots are exterior to the circle.

Rolls of two dice that correspond to the interior of the square represent the four square region surrounding the point. However, rolls on the left and upper edges overweight the probability of that sample, as it counts area outside the square being used to estimate pi. Likewise, dice rolls cannot represent samples along the axes.
To compensate for this, you can select a one of the dice to be in the range of [0, 5] and use the other die to represent [1, 6].
If we assign the [0,5] die to the x-axis, then the samples of that vertical column will be applied to column zero. This balances the samples along the vertical axis.

For the case of two six sided dice, the corresponding monte carlo method will converge to the estimate: 4*(28/36) = 28/9 = 3.1111. Compared to the other methods, this will converge fairly quickly, usually getting two decimal places of precision in about 1000 rolls.
