About matrix $R$, what is this called: $R^TR$? What is it for? I am doing singular value decomposition on a matrix $R$. The first step is to compute such a matrix $R^TR$. What is this matrix? A reference told me this is cross product of matrix R. I use a programming function and verified it. But what is the relation between this cross product of matrices and cross product of vectors? How can I relate them?
Another reference told me $R^TR$ is called covariance matrix. I checked its definition but I didn't find how can it be equal to the matrix multiplication result of $R^TR$. So is this really covariance matrix? Why?
 A: A better term for $R^TR$ would be dot-product matrix, which is what this book chapter calls it, cf. equation (6).  The matrix entries of the product $R^T R$ are exactly dot products between columns of $R$.  It would be pretty hard to make a connection with the cross-product of vectors in this construction.
The usefulness of $R^T R$ lies in its being symmetric and positive semi-definite for any real matrix $R$, not necessarily square.  It can well be called a covariance matrix because of its application in statistics, but the construction also appears in least squares solutions of overdetermined linear systems.
Working with the (real) symmetric matrix $R^T R$ allows us the luxury of having a full basis of eigenvectors, and the corresponding eigenvalues will be nonnegative since $R^T R$ is positive semi-definite as well (indeed, positive definite if $R$ has rank equal to its number of columns).
This amounts to a way of defining the singular values of $R$ as (principal) square roots of the eigenvalues of $R^T R$.  Another term for essential the same technique is principal components analysis or PCA, which may be more commonly used in statistics and signal processing.
A: There is some analogy between constructing $R^T R$ from the matrix $R$ and constructing $\overline{z} z = |z|^2$ from the complex number $z$.
