# Two Dirichlet's series related to the Divisor Summatory Function and to the Riemann's zeta-function, $\zeta(s)$

Considering the $\textit{Divisor Summatory Function}$, $D(n)$, defined as $$D(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{n}d(k) ,$$ where $$d(n) = \sum_{k|n}^{n}1.$$

One can observe the following pattern in the values of $D(n)$ $$\lbrace D(n) \rbrace = \left\lbrace \overbrace{\underbrace{0}_{\text{even}}}^{1},\overbrace{ \underbrace{1,3,5}_{\text{odd}}}^{3},\overbrace{\underbrace{8,10,14,16,20}_{\text{even}}}^{5},\overbrace{\underbrace{23,27,29,35,37,41,45}_{\text{odd}}}^{7}, \cdots \right\rbrace,$$ where groups of odd elements alternate with groups of even elements and where the $n^{th}$ group has $2n-1$ elements, (we can see that the pattern pesists). Now, based on this (but it is not necessary that this pattern of $D(n)$ is verified for all $n$ we can only assume that such a similar pattern exists), and considering that any number can be written as \begin{align*} n=p_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\cdot p_{2}^{\alpha_{2}}\cdot p_{3}^{\alpha_{3}} \cdots p_{n}^{\alpha_{n}} \end{align*} where $p_{i}$ are prime numbers, one can define some arithmetical functions as follows $$a(n)= \begin{cases} 1, & \text{if all } D(\alpha_1), D(\alpha_2), \ldots, D(\alpha_n) \text{ are even} ,\\ \\ \\ 0, & \text{if one or more of the } D(\alpha_{i}) \text{ is odd}, \end{cases}$$ and $$b(n)= \begin{cases} (-1)^{n_1+n_2+\cdots+n_i}, &\text{if } \alpha_i = n_i^2, \\ 0, & \text{if } \alpha_i \text{ is not of the form } n_i^2, \end{cases}$$ ($b(n)=$A197774) then we can define two Dirichlet series $A(s)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{a(k)}{n^{s}}$ with $a(1)=1$ and $B(s)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{b(k)}{n^{s}}$ with $b(1)=1$.

Both of the Dirichlet series have, respectively, the following Euler's products \begin{align*} A(s) &= \prod_{p\in \mathbb{P}}\left(1+\frac{1}{p^{4s}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{p^{8s}}+\frac{1}{p^{16s}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{p^{24s}}+\cdots\right)\\ &=\prod_{p\in\mathbb{P}}\left(1+\frac{1}{p^{4s}}\left(1+\frac{1}{p^{s}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{p^{4s}}\right) +\frac{1}{p^{16s}}\left(1+\frac{1}{p^{s}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{p^{8s}}\right) +\cdots\right)\\ &=\prod_{p\in\mathbb{P}}\left(1+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{p^{(2k)^{2}s}}\left(1+\frac{1}{p^{s}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{p^{4ks}}\right)\right)\\ \end{align*} and $$B(s) = \prod_{p\in \mathbb{P}}\left(1 - \frac{1}{p^{s}}+\frac{1}{p^{4s}}-\frac{1}{p^{9s}}+\frac{1}{p^{16s}}-\frac{1}{p^{25s}}+\frac{1}{p^{36s}}-\cdots\right)$$ First we can see that $A(s)$ is absolutely convergent for $s>\frac{1}{4}$. Secondly we can observe that $B(s)$ is related to $\vartheta_{4}(0,x)=1-x+x^{4}-x^{9}+x^{16}\cdots$ (the Jacobi Theta function) by $$\begin{equation*} B(s) = \prod_{p\in \mathbb{P}}\left(\frac{1}{2} \vartheta_{4}(0,p^{-s})+1 \right) \end{equation*}$$ and thirdly $$\begin{equation*} \zeta(s) = \frac{A(s)}{B(s)} \end{equation*}$$ We can think of $b(n)$ as a generalization of $\mu(n)$, the Möbius function and we can assume that if $B(s)$ converges for $\Re{s}>\frac{1}{2}$ then $\zeta(s)$ has no zeros on the right of $\frac{1}{2}$, just like the Mertens function, where $$\begin{equation*} \frac{1}{\zeta(s)} = s\int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{M(x)}{x^{s+1}}dx \end{equation*}$$ similarly for $\zeta(s)$ we have $$\begin{equation*} \zeta(s) = \frac{A(s)}{ s\int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{B(x)}{x^{s+1}}dx} \end{equation*}$$ where $M(x)$ is the Mertens function $$\begin{equation*} M(x)=\sum_{1\leq n \leq x}\mu(x) \end{equation*}$$ and $B(x)$ is $$\begin{equation*} B(x)=\sum_{1 \leq n \leq x}b(x) \end{equation*}$$ My question is: Were these Dirichlet series, $A(s)$ and $B(s)$, studied before and related to the $\zeta(s)$-function the way I did? Or... is this something new?

Thanks.

• I'm curious how/where you got these things... – anon Oct 18 '11 at 11:02
• @anon, it all started with this sequence $0,1,0,2,0,1,0,3,\cdots$ – Neves Oct 18 '11 at 11:44

Your original observation is easily explained: $d(n)$ is odd if and only if $n$ is a square.