Dynamic programming — mathematics versus computer I heard the term "dynamic programming" and naively assumed it had to do with programming in the sense of computer programming, as that's the only way I've heard the word used before — I used to work with software engineers a lot. After being laughed at a bit, I was told that when a mathematician or economist says "dynamic programming" it has nothing to do with computer programming; rather, it is just a technique for solving complicated problems in a dynamic setting.  
I have read the Wikipedia page  and I don't understand the difference.  Isn't the computational approach the same as the mathematical one, just wisely using the computer as an assistant to execute the algorithm?  
What exactly do the terms "programming" and "control" mean in this area?
 A: I don't have a source for this, but I would say that "algorithm" is a more precise synonym for "program" in the non-math sense than is "planning." 
You also asked about "control." This implies a process that accepts inputs. Search "control theory."
A: In his autobiography "Eye of the Hurricane", Richard Bellman explains the origin of the name:

“I spent the Fall quarter (of 1950) at RAND. My first task
  was to find a name for multistage decision processes.
  “An interesting question is, ‘Where did the name,
  dynamic programming, come from?’ The 1950s were not
  good years for mathematical research. We had a very interesting
  gentleman in Washington named Wilson. He was
  Secretary of Defense, and he actually had a pathological
  fear and hatred of the word, research. I’m not using the
  term lightly; I’m using it precisely. His face would suffuse,
  he would turn red, and he would get violent if people used
  the term, research, in his presence. You can imagine how he
  felt, then, about the term, mathematical. The RAND Corporation
  was employed by the Air Force, and the Air Force
  had Wilson as its boss, essentially. Hence, I felt I had to do
  something to shield Wilson and the Air Force from the fact
  that I was really doing mathematics inside the RAND Corporation.
  What title, what name, could I choose? In the first
  place I was interested in planning, in decision making, in
  thinking. But planning, is not a good word for various reasons.
  I decided therefore to use the word, ‘programming.’
  I wanted to get across the idea that this was dynamic, this
  was multistage, this was time-varying—I thought, let’s kill
  two birds with one stone. Let’s take a word that has an
  absolutely precise meaning, namely dynamic, in the classical
  physical sense. It also has a very interesting property
  as an adjective, and that is it’s impossible to use the word,
  dynamic, in a pejorative sense. Try thinking of some combination
  that will possibly give it a pejorative meaning.
  It’s impossible. Thus, I thought dynamic programming was
  a good name. It was something not even a Congressman
  could object to. So I used it as an umbrella for my activities”
  (p. 159).

A: I think it's confusing because it's both at the same time. The origin of the name is a pre-computer sense of "programming" where the world simply meant the concrete planning of actions (say, deciding which vehicles to go where when you have a given amount of goods to transport from some points to other points). "Programming" is still used in that sense in combinatorial optimization.
Of course, nowadays such planning problems are solved by having a computer execute a program, though this program exists on a different meta-level than the plan for which vehicles to send where.
Also, some techniques originally developed for "programming" in the old sense have turned out to be useful for constructing computer programs, independently of the naming coincidence. So "dynamic programming" is now also an algorithmic technique that consists of solving and remembering smaller instances of a problem first and then building up to the problem you're actually interested in. This can be useful even in cases where the eventual problem is not a "programming" (in the planning/optimization sense) problem. So you use the technique while you program computers, but that's not why its name contains "programming".
