# What is inflection point?

$$f(x)=x-3x^{1/3}$$ $$f'(x)=1-x^{-2/3}$$ $$f''(x)=\frac{2}{3}x^{-5/3}$$ $f ''(x)=0$ has no solution. Does that mean f has no inflection point? If $x > 0$ then $f$ is concave up and if $x < 0$ then $f$ is concave down. Where $f$ changes concavity?

Inflection point is where the function changes concavity or where the second derivative is zero or ....?

• What is f(x) at x = 0 ? – Tom Collinge Feb 24 '14 at 13:39
• Logically speaking, it's not defined, but in calculus it's infinite. – kptlronyttcn Feb 24 '14 at 13:42
• At negative $x$--values $f(x)$ becomes complex. I'm not sure how convexity/concavity is defined for complex functions. – JPi Feb 24 '14 at 13:43
• @JPi: The font-size is a little small, if you zoom you'll see that power is 1/3 not 1/2! – kptlronyttcn Feb 24 '14 at 13:47
• @JPi negative reals do have real cube roots – Tim Seguine Feb 24 '14 at 13:47

If a curve $\gamma$ is presented as a graph of a $C^2$-function $f$ then the standard $f''(x)=0$ condition produces the inflection points. But in the case at hand the given function, while continuous at $x=0$, is not differentiable there. Therefore we have to construct a regular parametric representation of the given graph $\gamma$ as a preliminary step.

Now the definition of $x^{1/3}$ is open to debate when $x<0$. In accordance with widespread practice I interpret this expression as follows: $$x^{1/3}:={\rm sgn}(x)\>\root 3\of {|x|}\qquad(x\in{\mathbb R})\ .$$ It follows that $x(t):=t^3$ results in $x^{1/3}=t$, so that the graph $\gamma$ of $f$ can be written as $$\gamma:\quad t\mapsto\cases{x(t)=t^3\cr y(t)=t^3-3t\cr}\qquad(-\infty<t<\infty)\ .\tag{1}$$ One computes $$s'^2(t)=x'^2(t)+y'^2(t)=9(1-2t^2+2t^4)>0\qquad\forall t\ .$$ This shows that the representation $(1)$ of $\gamma$ is regular. The signed curvature $\kappa$ of $\gamma$ is given by $$\kappa(t)={x'(t)y''(t)-x''(t)y'(t)\over s'^3(t)}={18 t\over s'^3(t)}\ .$$ This shows that $\kappa$ changes sign at the origin and implies that we have an inflection point of $\gamma$ at $(0,0)$. See the following figure:

• Based on some of the other questions posted by the OP(precalculus level), I am going to go out on a limb and say that this probably isn't appropriate for the OP's level of study. – Tim Seguine Feb 24 '14 at 22:10
• @j4nbur53: If the curve $\gamma$ in the above figure is given by the equation $F(x,y):=(x-y)^3-27x=0$ then one can compute the curvature in individual points by means of a certain formula involving the partial derivatives of $F$. It will turn out that curvature at $(0,0)$ is zero, but a sign change of $\kappa$ will be more difficult to detect. – Christian Blatter Oct 15 '16 at 10:07
• @ChristianBlatter I feel your definition of $x^{1/3}$ is quite rigorous and ideal. I saw many calculus books or even analysis books that treat $x^{1/3}$ blurred and ambiguous when $x<0$, which leads a huge inconvenience. Can you tell me what books of calculus/analysis has explicitly stated the definition of such functions as you said? – Eric Nov 1 '17 at 5:18
• @Eric: The applicable definition depends on the context. While the definition above is obviously fine for the problem at hand there are cases when one should insist on $x>0$, in particular when one wants to make free use of rules like $x^{\alpha+\beta}=x^\alpha\cdot x^\beta$, $\bigl(x^\alpha\bigr)^\beta=x^{\alpha\beta}$, etc. – Christian Blatter Nov 2 '17 at 8:11

An inflection point occurs at points of the domain at which the function changes concavity. These need not be points at which the second derivative (or even the first) exists. Now, if your function's second derivative is defined and continuous in a neighborhood of an inflection point, then it will be zero at that point.

• ""Now, if your function's second derivative is defined and continuous in a neighborhood of an inflection point, then it will be zero at that point."" Do you mean f''(0) is 0? – kptlronyttcn Feb 24 '14 at 13:45
• @kptlronyttcn no, it is not defined there. – Tim Seguine Feb 24 '14 at 13:53