The kernel and image of $T^n$ I need help with this question:
Let $V$ be a finite vector space where $ \dim V = n $, over the complex numbers
and let $ T: V\to V $ be a linear transformation.
Prove that $ V = \ker(T^n) \oplus Im(T^n) $
 A: Note that in general, although kernel and image of an endomorphism have complementary dimensions, they need not form a direct sum. What you must show here is that for the case of $T^n$ (with $n$ the dimension of the space), kernel and image do always form a direct sum. 
This can be shown by showing that the intersection of these subspaces is reduced to $\{0\}$. Suppose for a contradiction there is a nonzero vector $w\in\ker(T^n)\cap\operatorname{im}(T^n)$. Then $w=T^n(v)$ for some $v$, with obviously $v\neq0$. The condition on $w$ gives $T^{2n}(v)=0$, so $m=\min\{\,i\in\Bbb N\mid T^i(v)=0\,\}$ is well defined and $n<m\leq2n$ (the first inequality is the one that will be useful). Because the dimension of the space is only $n$, the $m$ nonzero vectors $v,T(v),T^2(m),\ldots,T^{m-1}(v)$ must be linearly dependent. Then one can write one of those vectors, say $T^i(v)$ as linear combination of the vectors after it in the list. Now apply the linear operator $T^{m-1-i}$ to this relation; this maps $T^i(v)$ to $T^{m-1}(v)\neq0$, but it kills all the vectors occurring in the linear combination giving $T^i(v)$; this is a contradiction.
A: Note: The scalar field is irrelevant for the result.
Hint: Consider the sequences $\DeclareMathOperator{\im}{im}$
$$\begin{gather}\ker T^1 \subset \ker T^2 \subset \dotsb \subset \ker T^n,\\
\im T^1 \supset \im T^2 \supset \dotsb \supset \im T^n.
\end{gather}$$
The rank formula (rank-nullity) says $V = \ker T^k \oplus \im T^k \iff \ker T^k \cap \im T^k = \{0\}$. Show that if that happens, then you also have $\ker T^m \cap \im T^m = \{0\}$ for all $m > k$, and that $n$ is the latest exponent at which that can possibly happen.
A: This is just an attempt to make explicit what the answer by Daniel Fischer seems to suggest. Consider
$$
  \{0\}=\ker(T^0)\subseteq\ker(T^1)\subseteq\cdots\subseteq\ker(T^n)\subseteq\ker(T^{n+1})
$$
There are $n+1$ symbols '$\subseteq$', so for dimension reasons they cannot all be strict inclusions. Now $\ker(T^i)=\ker(T^{i+1})$ means that there does not exist $v$ with $T^i(v)\neq 0$ and $T^{i+1}(v)=0$, and this is equivalent to 
$\def\im{\operatorname{im}}\im(T^i)\cap\ker(T)=\{0\}$. Since the subspace $\im(T^i)$ decreases as $i$ increases, we see that once one instance of  '$\subseteq$' is nonstrict (one has equality there), the ones further to the right will be as well. It follows that the last '$\subseteq$' is certainly an equality, in other words $\im(T^n)\cap\ker(T)=\{0\}$. This means that $T$ restricted to $\im(T^n)$ is injective, and so it implies $\im(T^n)\cap\ker(T^n)=\{0\}$.
The desired result now follows using rank-nullity.
