# Show that the given function is a diffeomorphism

Let $U=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^n: ||x||<1\}$. If we define $f:U\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^n$ by $f(x) = \displaystyle\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}}$, show that $f$ is a diffeomorphism and $f^{-1}:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow U$ is given by $f(y) = \displaystyle\frac{y}{\sqrt{1-||y||^2}}$.

(1) Proving bijectiviy

(1.1) Injectivity $f(x) = f(y) \iff \displaystyle\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}}=\displaystyle\frac{y_i}{\sqrt{1-||y||^2}} \iff x_i^2[1-(y_1^2+\dots+y_n^2)] =y_i[1-(x_1^2+\dots+x_n^2)]$.

Now adding all of the following identities

$\begin{cases} x_1^2 -x_1^2y_1^2+\dots+x_1^2y_n^2 = y_1^2-x_1^2y_1^2+\dots+x_n^2y_1^2 & (1)\\ \dots\\ x_n^2 -x_n^2y_1^2+\dots+x_n^2y_n^2 = y_n^2-x_1^2y_n^2+\dots+x_n^2y_n^2 & (n)\end{cases}$

I have $x_1^2+\dots+x_n^2 = y_1^2+\dots+y_n^2 \implies ||x||=||y||$. Then $\displaystyle\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}}=\displaystyle\frac{y_i}{\sqrt{1-||y||^2}} \iff \displaystyle\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{1-\alpha}}=\displaystyle\frac{y_i}{\sqrt{1-\alpha}}\iff x_i=y_i\implies x=y$.

(1.2) Surjectiviy I'm not sure how should I do this, see (3.3)

(2) Proving that $f$ is differentiable applying the quotient rule to the coordinate functions

If $i\neq j$ then $\displaystyle\frac{\partial f_i}{\partial x_j}= \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left( \displaystyle\frac{x_i}{1-||x||^2}\right) = \displaystyle\frac{\frac{2x_i}{2\sqrt{1-||x||}}}{{1-||x||}} = \displaystyle\frac{x_i}{(1-||x||^2)^{3/2}}$ which is continous for every $x\in U$.

And $\displaystyle\frac{\partial f_i}{\partial x_i} = \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}\left( \displaystyle\frac{x_i}{1-||x||^2}\right)\displaystyle\frac{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}-2x_i^2}{1-||x||^2} = \displaystyle\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}} - \displaystyle\frac{2x_i^2}{1-||x||^2}$ which is also continuous if $x\in U$, right?.

By the continuity of the partial derivatives for $f_i$ I conclude that $f_i$ is differentiable and since it applies for every $i=1,\dots,n$ I conclude $f$ that is differentiable.

(3) Some questions. I'm not sure how to proceed from here, I have a few guesses and questions:

(3.1) The differential for $f$ will be a matrix with values computed above, right?. I can use the inverse function theorem to find the inverse of $f$ by $(f^{-1})'(y)=1/(f'(y))^{-1}$, but how does it works? -I mean, am I supposed to divide by the matrix?-.

(3.2) Even if I get $f^{-1})'$, how can I get $f^{-1}$. Should I integrate the coordinate functions?

(3.3) I'm not sure how to prove the surjectivity either, could I use that $\operatorname{dim}(U)=\operatorname{dim}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ the injectivity implies surjectivity?. But wouldn't I need a basis for $U$?, can I use the canonical basis with the restriction that $\sum_i x_i^2 < 1$?.

• $\|x\|=\|y\|$ doesn't imply $x=y$ – janmarqz Jan 19 '14 at 20:46
• But can't I conclude $x=y$ from $x_i=y_i$ which I did using the function given?. This is, from $\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}}=\frac{y_i}{\sqrt{1-||y||^2}}=\frac{y_i}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}} \implies x_i = y_i$ as I did?. – Cure Jan 19 '14 at 21:05
• oh i see... you are true – janmarqz Jan 19 '14 at 21:08
• Once you've shown that your function is bijective and differentiable, all you need to do is calculate the Jacobian matrix $J(x)$ and show that for every point $x\in U$, the matrix $J(x)$ is an invertible matrix of real numbers. So, you don't actually need to calculate the inverse function. – Avi Steiner Jan 19 '14 at 21:17
• for surjectivity taking $u\in{\Bbb{R}}^n$ then you pick $w=\frac{u}{\sqrt{1+\|u\|^2}}$ then $f(w)=u$ :D – janmarqz Jan 19 '14 at 21:29

Sometimes, it is useful to keep vector notation rather than writing $$f = (f_1,...,f_n)$$.

Easier way to prove injectivity: Let be $$a_w = \sqrt{1-||w||^2}$$.

$$\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-||x||^2}} = \frac{y}{\sqrt{1-||y||^2}}\Leftrightarrow a_yx = a_x y\text{,}$$ therefore $$x$$ and $$y$$ are colinear. If $$x=\vec{0}$$, then it follows that $$y =\vec{0}$$, because $$a_x, a_y\neq0$$. So let $$x$$ be nonzero vector. It follows that $$y$$ is nonzero vector and $$y = tx$$ for a $$t = \frac{a_y}{a_x}>0$$.

Function $$g: [0,1) \to \mathbb{R},\; g(u^2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}$$ is injection, therefore $$||x|| =||y ||$$, so $$x=y$$, since we already know that they are colinear and $$t>0$$.

Surjectivity: Choose arbitrary $$z\in \mathbb{R}^n$$. You have to find $$x$$ with the right direction and the right norm. If $$z=\vec{0}$$, then $$f(\vec{0})=z$$. Otherwise

$$z = \frac{x}{a_x} \Rightarrow ||z||\sqrt{1-||x||^2} = ||x||\text{.}$$ From here, you should express the norm $$T = ||x||$$ and prove that $$T<1$$. It follows that $$x = T \frac{z}{||z||}$$ is the desired vector.

Smoothness: identity on $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ is smooth. Function $$g_1(u) = 1-u$$ is smooth. Function $$g_2:(0,\infty)\to \mathbb{R}$$, $$\; g_2(u) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{u}}$$ is also smooth. Therefore $$g$$ is smooth since $$g = g_2 \circ g_1$$. It is also known that $$x\to ||x||^2$$ is smooth function (and you can easily prove it). Therefore $$f(x) = g(||x^2||)x$$ is smooth (again, you can easily show that function $$(t,\vec{x})\to t\vec{x}$$ is smooth).

Dividing by matrix: you cannot devide by matrix, but you can multiply by its inverse. And it holds the analogue of the theorem you are mentioning in 3.1.

If we define $$g:\mathbb{R}^n \to U,\ g(x)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+\|x\|^2}},$$ then for every $y \in \mathbb{R}^n$ we have \begin{eqnarray} f(g(y))&=&\frac{g(y)}{\sqrt{1-\|g(y)\|^2}}=\left(1-\frac{\|y\|^2}{1+\|y\|^2}\right)^{-1/2}\cdot\frac{y}{\sqrt{1+\|y\|^2}}\\ &=&\sqrt{1+\|y\|^2}\cdot\frac{y}{\sqrt{1+\|y\|^2}}=y. \end{eqnarray} Similarly, for every $x \in U$ we have \begin{eqnarray} g(f(x))&=&\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{1+\|f(x)\|^2}}=\left(1+\frac{\|x\|^2}{1-\|x\|^2}\right)^{-1/2}\cdot\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-\|x\|^2}}\\ &=&\sqrt{1-\|x\|^2}\cdot\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-\|x\|^2}}=x. \end{eqnarray}

Hence $f$ is bijective, and $f^{-1}=g$.

You can prove that $f$ and $g$ are differentiable, therefore $f$ is a diffeomorphism.