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Everyone knows Friday the 13th is regarded as a day of bad luck.
Why does every year have at least one of this bad day?

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    $\begingroup$ A related old problem, which appeared in the American Mathematical Monthly many years ago, is to show that the 13th of the month is more likely to be a Friday than any other day. $\endgroup$ – PolyaPal Jan 10 '12 at 23:29
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A month has a Friday 13th if and only if it begins on a Sunday.

On a regular (non-leap) year, if January begins on day $k$, $0\leq k\leq 6$ (with $k=0$ being Sunday), then we have that:

  • January begins on day $k$;
  • February begins on day $k+3\bmod 7$ (since January has 31 days, and $31\equiv 3\pmod{7}$;
  • March begins on day $k+3\bmod 7$;
  • April begins on day $k+6\bmod 7$;
  • May begins on day $k+8=k+1\bmod 7$ (since April has 30 days, and $30\equiv 2\pmod{7}$);
  • June begins on day $k+4\bmod 7$;
  • July begins on day $k+6\bmod 7$;
  • August begins on day $k+9 = k+2\bmod{7}$;
  • September begins on day $k+5\bmod 7$;

With these, we already have day $k$, $k+1$, $k+2$, $k+3$, $k+4$, $k+5$, and $k+6$, so at least one of these months will begin on Sunday, guaranteeing at least one Friday 13th.

For Leap years, the analysis is similar, except that:

  • January begins on day $k$;
  • February begins on day $k+3$;
  • March begins on day $k+4$;
  • April begins on day $k$;
  • May begins on day $k+2$;
  • June begins on day $k+5$;
  • July begins on day $k$;
  • August begins on day $k+3$;
  • September begins on day $k+6$;
  • October begins on day $k+1$.

So at the latest, you will have a Friday 13th by October.

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    $\begingroup$ Addendum: Call a month "perverse" if it will not fit in a regular calendar without "doubling up" some days. Show that every year must have perverse months. $\endgroup$ – Arturo Magidin Aug 23 '11 at 4:40
  • $\begingroup$ Wow thats so simple and elegant. I like! $\endgroup$ – Matt Aug 23 '11 at 10:36
  • $\begingroup$ I guess this means that every year has all possible combinations of day of the week/day of the month? (Except possibly the 31st?) $\endgroup$ – UncleZeiv Aug 23 '11 at 11:05
  • $\begingroup$ Actually that includes the 31st: there are 7 31 days long months, and each of them starts on a different day of the week, in a non leap year. $\endgroup$ – UncleZeiv Aug 23 '11 at 15:56
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    $\begingroup$ @UncleZeiv: But not in a leap year; e.g., if a leap year begins on Sunday, then January and July begin on Sunday, March begins on Thursday, May on Tuesday, August on Wednesday, October on Monday, and December on Saturday. No 31 day month starts on Saturday, so there would be no "Monday 31st" on such a year. $\endgroup$ – Arturo Magidin Aug 23 '11 at 16:01
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In a common year the 13ths of the month fall at intervals of $31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31$,and $30$ days, which reduce mod $7$ to $3,0,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3$, and $2$. The partial sums mod $7$ are $3,3,6,1$, $4,6,2,5,0,3$,and $5$; since these include a complete residue system mod $7$, at least one of those 13ths must fall on a Friday.

In a leap year the corresponding numbers are $31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31$,and $30$ for the intervals, $3,1,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3$, and $2$ for their reductions mod $7$, and $3,4,0,2,5,0,3,6,1,4$, and $6$ for the partial sums mod $7$; once again the partial sums include a complete residue system mod $7$, and one of the 13ths must fall on a Friday.

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This is not an elegant method, and maybe there is none, but it works. There are 14 possible one-year calendars:

the common year beginning on Sunday, the common year beginning on Monday, the common year beginning on Tuesday, and so on....

and then the leap year beginning on Sunday, the leap year beginning on Monday, and so on....

Look at each of the 14 calendars, and count the number of Friday the 13ths.

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You may prefer to focus only on the months May through November inclusive, and show that the 13ths of those seven months fall on seven different days of the week.

Working mod 7, and letting May 13th = X,

May 13th = X

June 13th = X + 31 = X + 3

July 13th = X + 31 + 30 = X + 5

August 13th = X + 31 + 30 + 31 = X + 1

September 13th = X + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 = X + 4

October 13th = X + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 = X + 6

November 13th = X + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 31 = X + 2

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.The maximum number of days in a month is 31 .The number of days of a week is 7 .The minimum number of days in a year is 315 .31*7=217 .217 means there is all kind of combination of days and weeks .217<315 .Thus there is always Friday the 13th every year, not just Friday the 13th but all kind of dates as well.

This is probably the most easiest way to explain this :D

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  • $\begingroup$ I am not sure this is answering the question in the best way and that is my guess why it was downvoted. Perhaps it can be reworked to make it better. Just some words of advice. Regards $\endgroup$ – Amzoti May 2 '13 at 14:54
  • $\begingroup$ @sokheng Could you please elaborate : The minimum number of days in a year is 315 $\endgroup$ – Arnab Dutta Oct 5 '15 at 10:40
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Problem: Prove that all years have either 1, 2 or 3 months with a Friday The 13th.

Solution:

Case 1: Non leap years

Divide the number of days in each month by 7 and write down the remainder

next to each month as follows:

Jan. 3

Feb. 0

Mar. 3

Apr. 2

May 3

Jun. 2

Jul. 3

Aug. 3

Sep. 2

Oct. 3

Nov. 2

Dec. 3

A month has a Friday The 13th if and only if the first of the month falls on Sunday.

Our task is to record the month(s) having a Friday The 13th for each day of the week

January 1 falls on.

Define Sunday as the first day of the week and Saturday as the last day of the week.

Next to each day of the week write down the difference in number of days

between each day of the week and Sunday.

Then, corresponding to each day of the week write down the month(s) having a

Friday The 13th by arriving at 0 or a multiple of 7 when adding this difference

in number of days to the accumulated monthly remainders from above.

Sun. 0 Jan., Oct.

Mon. 1 Apr., Jul.

Tue. 2 Sep., Dec.

Wed. 3 Jun.

Thu. 4 Feb., Mar., Nov.

Fri. 5 Aug.

Sat. 6 May

Case 2: Leap years

Divide the number of days in each month by 7 and write down the remainder

next to each month as follows:

Jan. 3

Feb. 1

Mar. 3

Apr. 2

May 3

Jun. 2

Jul. 3

Aug. 3

Sep. 2

Oct. 3

Nov. 2

Dec. 3

A month has a Friday The 13th if and only if the first of the month falls on Sunday.

Our task is to record the month(s) having a Friday The 13th for each day of the week

January 1 falls on.

Define Sunday as the first day of the week and Saturday as the last day of the week.

Next to each day of the week write down the difference in number of days

between each day of the week and Sunday.

Then, corresponding to each day of the week write down the month(s) having a

Friday The 13th by arriving at 0 or a multiple of 7 when adding this difference

in number of days to the accumulated monthly remainders from above.

Sun. 0 Jan., Apr., Jul.

Mon. 1 Sep., Dec.

Tue. 2 Jun.

Wed. 3 Mar., Nov.

Thu. 4 Feb., Aug.

Fri. 5 May.

Sat. 6 Oct.

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