# Step in Proof of Cardinality of Product of two Groups

Let $A,B < G$ be two subgroups of some group $G$, then I have a question on the proof of the following: $$|AB| = \frac{|A||B|}{|A \cap B|}.$$ Proof: Let $D = A \cap B$, arrange $A$ and $B$ in left cosets and right cosets regarding $D$ (which is also a subgroup) $$A = D \cup s_2 D \cup s_3 D \cup \ldots \cup s_n D, \quad B = D \cup D t_2 \cup D t_3 \cup \ldots \cup D t_m$$ Now the fact that $\frac{|A||B|}{|D|}$ are distinct results from the following equations: If $$s_{\alpha}D D t_{\beta} = s_{\alpha_1} D D t_{\beta_1}$$ then $$s_{\alpha_1}^{-1} s_{\alpha} D = D t_{\beta} t_{\beta}^{-1}$$ As the first member of the last equation represents an element of $A$ while the second member represents an element of $B$, it results that the last equation implies $\alpha_1 = \alpha$ and $\beta_1 = \beta$.

The last step is not clear to me, why does $\alpha_1 = \alpha$ and $\beta_1 = \beta$ follows? Is it the case that if $aD = Db$ for $a \in A$ and $b \in B$ that $a=b=1$ follows? I don't believe this and cannot prove it either? Could someone please explain the last step?

It is not true in general that $aD = Db$, $a \in A$, $b \in B$, implies $a = b$. In fact $aD = Db$ is true for any choice of elements $a, b \in D$. What's being used here is the fact that the $s_\alpha$ and $t_\beta$ are a set of representatives for the cosets. This means if $s_\alpha \neq s_{\alpha_1}$ then $s_\alpha D \neq s_{\alpha_1}D$. Turning this around, if $s_\alpha D = s_{\alpha_1}D$ then we must have $s_\alpha = s_{\alpha_1}$.
Now, you know that $s_{\alpha_1}, s_\alpha \in A$ and $D \subseteq A$ so $s_{\alpha_1}^{-1}s_\alpha D \subseteq A$. Similarly, $Dt_\beta t_{\beta_1}^{-1} \subseteq B$. As these are equal you get $s_{\alpha_1}^{-1}s_\alpha D \subseteq A \cap B = D$ and hence $s_{\alpha_1}^{-1}s_\alpha D = D$. But this can be rewritten as $s_{\alpha_1}D = s_\alpha D$, therefore $s_{\alpha_1} = s_\alpha$.
A similar argument works for the $t_\beta$.
• but why $D \subseteq s^{-1}_{\alpha_1}s_{\alpha}D$? – StefanH Nov 19 '13 at 19:09
• Rewrite that as $s_{\alpha}^{-1}s_{\alpha_1}D \subseteq D$ and then get it the same way you got $s_{\alpha_1}^{-1}s_{\alpha}D \subseteq D$. – Jim Nov 20 '13 at 6:44