Employing optimal packing, how many circles (51 mm diameter) can I cut from a rectangle (330 mm×530 mm) I know that I should use some kind of honeycomb structure but can't work out in which orientation I should arrange it. I've looked at a few websites now and although I have a slightly better idea of the options, I can't work out how to model the problem and therefore calculate how many circles I could cut.
Specifically I would like to know:
~ How could I model this and what mathematics are involved?
~ What is the maximum number of 51 mm-diameter circles I can cut from a 330 mm × 530 mm rectangle?
~ What is the minimum size rectangle from which I could cut 16 circles?
(As you might suspect this is a real-life problem that I must solve, the disks that I will cut are to be used in a physics experiment but the material from which they are made is very expensive. It can however be purchased in any size rectangle, up to 330 mm × 530 mm.)
EDIT
OK so I just discovered this question and the Wikipedia link contained therein. Whilst it is certainly related I am no closer to solving my current queries. (Other than if I were to order a square sheet of the material measuring 204 mm × 204 mm but I'm sure a rectangle would be more efficient.)
 A: For your problem, one choice is to order a rectangle with both dimensions a multiple of 51 mm, use a square pack, and get a density of $\frac{\pi}{4}\approx 0.785$
Another alternative is to use a hexagonal pack.  If you have $k$ rows alternating $n$ and $n-1$ you want a sheet $51n \times (1+\frac{k \sqrt{3}}{2})51\ \ $mm, which packs $\lfloor n(k-\frac{1}{2})\rfloor$ circles.  For your case, $n=6, k=12$ will fit $66$ circles in $306 \times 537$ mm, with a packing density of about $0.8205$
For $16$ circles, you could also use a $4 \times 4$ hexagonal pack.  This would require $230=4.5\cdot 51 \times 184\ \ $mm, giving a density of $0.772$, so you could just buy $204 \times 204\ \ $mm and be better off.
A: Since you don't say which websites you've looked at, I don't know whether you've discovered this one. Or this one. The main thing I get from these pages is that packing is hard, there are no general rules for optimal packings, but there are patterns that often work or are at any rate near-optimal.
A: The spacing between the circles and the spacing to the edges has been left undefined in your problem. For real-life problems the spacing is non-zero. For Laser-cutting the kerf (width of cut) is generally 0.3mm. 
In addition, generally in that industry 5mm spacing is used, perhaps less.
Using dedicated circle nesting software trying multiple packing arrangements:
For 51mm circles into 530x330 sheet with 0mm inter-part spacing = 67 circles.
For 51mm circles into 530x330 sheet with 5mm inter-part spacing = 54 circles.
For 51mm circles into 204x204 sheet with 0mm inter-part spacing = 16 circles.
For 51mm circles into 204x204 sheet with 5mm inter-part spacing = 11 circles.
