# How to solve equations of this form: $x^x = n$?

How would I go about solving equations of this form:

$$x^x = n$$

for values of n that do not have obvious solutions through factoring, such as $27$ ($3^3$) or $256$ ($4^4$).

For instance, how would I solve for x in this equation: $$x^x = 7$$

I am a high school student, and I haven't exactly ventured into "higher mathematics." My first thought to approaching this equation was to convert it into a logarithmic form and go from there, but this didn't yield anything useful in the end.

My apologies if this question has been asked and answered already; I haven't been able to find a concrete answer on the matter.

• In general, there won't be a nice closed form solution. Would you settle for a numerical approximation? – Oliver Oct 19 '13 at 17:48
• What do you mean by "nice closed form solution?" Also, how would one arrive at a numerical approximation? – John Oct 19 '13 at 17:52
• I presume you are looking after integer solutions; otherwise the task is trivial (up to numerical computations). – Michael Hoppe Oct 19 '13 at 17:55

Equations like $x^x=7$ often don't have ''nice'' solutions. Whenever you see something like $x^x$, something that you should think about is the Lambert W function. This is the function $W(x)$, implicitly defined by $z=W(z)e^{W(z)}$.

In your case, taking natural logs gives $x \log x=\log 7$. So $e^{\log x} \log x=\log 7$, so $\log x=W(\log 7)$, and finally $x=e^{W(\log 7)}$. The Lambert W function has many different branches, which is something sort of akin to the fact that when you take a square root you can choose either the positive or negative square root. This means that there isn't a unique solution to your equation. You can get some families of solutions using Wolfram Alpha: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=x%5Ex%3D7.

you can solve it using newton's method

$$f(x) = x^x - 7 = 0 \Rightarrow f'(x) = x^x(\ln x+ 1)$$

now choose $x_0$ and let it be $x_0 = 2$

and use the formula $$x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)} = x_n - \frac{x_n^{x_n} - 7}{x_n^{x_n}(\ln x_n + 1) }$$

now just evaluate $x_1$ by using $x_0$ then $x_2$ then $x_3 \cdots$ by a calculator and you'll find an approximation

$$x_1 \approx 2.442962082$$

$$x_2 \approx 2.331852211$$

$$x_3 \approx 2.316698614$$

$$x_4 \approx 2.31645502$$

$$x_5 \approx 2.316454959$$

$$x_6 \approx x_5$$

$$x_7 \approx x_6$$

$$x \approx 2.316454959$$

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NewtonsMethod.html

• thanks upvoter i'm now 1,007 !! – what'sup Oct 19 '13 at 18:03
• Thank you for providing an answer on getting an approximation. Although an approximation, this seems really intuitive. – John Oct 19 '13 at 18:05
• you're very welcome @John . – what'sup Oct 19 '13 at 18:06

You cannot express the solution of this equation in elementary functions. However, you can express the solution in terms of the Lambert $W$ function: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function . The $W$-function is defined by: $x = W(x)\cdot e^{W(x)}$.

Let $y = \ln x$. Write your equation as $e^{x \ln x} = n$, or equivalently $x \ln x = \ln n$, or $y e^y = \ln n$. Then $y = W(\ln n)$ and $x = e^y = e^{W(\ln n)}$.

The solution involves a function called Lambert's W-function. There is a Wikipedia page on it.
As Oliver says, it is not a nice neat form. It is an entirely new function. Its definition is $$ye^y=z, W(z)=y$$
Can you use logs to turn $x^x=n$ into $ye^y=f(n)$, for $y$ equal to some function of $x$?

Can be solved by solving the problem of finding an approximate value.But accuracy ... $$(x_0+\triangle x)^{x_0+\triangle x}=7\\x=2;\triangle x=?\\f(x)=f(x_0)+f'(x_0)\triangle x\\f(x_0)=2^2=4\\f'(x)=x^x(lnx+1)*\triangle x\\7=4+4(ln2+1)*\triangle x\\\triangle x=\frac{3}{4(ln2+1)}\approx0.44\\x=2+0.44\approx2.44\\2.44^{2.44}\approx8.8$$