What does the notation $\mathbb{P}V$ mean for a vectorspace $V$? In algebraic geometry, I keep seeing the notation $\mathbb{P}V$ when $V$ is given as a vectorspace. My best guess is that $\mathbb{P}V$ is to mean the projective closure of $V$. But it would be nice to know if this notation is standard, and if so, what the precise definition is so there is no confusion on my part.
 A: I would expect this to mean the projective space defined by $V$: the space nonzero vectors modulo the relation $r\vec{v} \sim \vec{v}$ whenever $r \neq 0$.
So, for example, $\mathbb{P} \mathbb{R}^3$ is the usual real projective plane.
A: The symbol $\mathbb{P}V$ stands for the projectivisation of the vector space $V$. The one-dimensional linear subspaces of $V$ are the elements of $\mathbb{P}V$.
If $V$ is a vector space over the field $\mathbb{K}$, then the projectivisation $\mathbb{P}V$ of $V$ is the quotient space $(V \setminus \{0\}) /\sim$ where, given $u,v \in V \setminus \{0\}$ we have $u \sim v$ if and only if there exists a non-zero $\lambda \in \mathbb{K}$ for which $u = \lambda v$. 
For a fixed $v \in V \setminus \{0\}$, the set of all $u \in V \setminus \{0\}$ with $u \sim v$ are of the form $\lambda v$. This set of vectors can be identified with the span of $v$.
A: In algebraic geometry, the projective space $\mathbb P(V)$ associated to a vector space $V$ is $\mathrm{Proj}(\mathrm{Sym}(V))$, see EGA, II.4.1.1. In particular, the $k$-rational points of $\mathbb P(V)$ are the linear forms modulo $k^*$: 
$$ \mathbb P(V)(k) = (V^{\vee} \setminus \{ 0\})/k^*.$$
In other words, they are hyperplanes of $V$. A good reason is that if you want to generalize to projective scheme associated to a coherent sheaf $\mathscr E$ over a scheme $S$, you take $\mathrm{Proj}(\mathscr Sym(\mathscr E))$. If you take $ \mathrm{Proj}(\mathscr Sym(\mathscr E)^{\vee})$ instead, you lose much information from $\mathscr E$ because, for instance, taking the dual kills the torsions of $\mathscr E$. 
Edit Another reason over a field. Consider the projective space $\mathrm{Proj}(k[t_0, \dots, t_n])$. It is natural to consider it as $\mathbb P(V)$ where $V=kt_0+\cdots+kt_n$. Now if you have surjective homomorphism 
$$ \phi: k[t_0, \dots, t_n] \to k[s_0, \dots, s_m]$$
of homogeneous $k$-algebras, you have a surjective linear map 
$$ \phi_1: V \to E=ks_0+\cdots +ks_m.$$
We know that $\phi$ induces a morphism 
$$ \mathbb P(E) = \mathrm{Proj}k[s_0, \dots, s_m]\to \mathbb P(V).$$ 
On the level of rational points, with EGA's definition, it corresponds to 
$$ E^{\vee} \setminus \{ 0\} /k^* \to V^{\vee} \setminus \{ 0\} /k^* $$
which is correct (given by the injective $\phi_1^*$). But if use the defintion of lines, you need a linear map 
$V\setminus  \{ 0\}\to E\setminus \{ 0\}$ and this is impossible if $\phi_1$ is not injective.
Of course, over a field, people usually do not notice the difference between $V$ and its dual, and this is harmless in general if you only work over fields.
