Is $\mathbb{Z}[x]$ a principal ideal domain? Is $ \mathbb{Z}[x] $ a principal ideal domain? Since the standard definition of principal ideal domain is quite difficult to use. Could you give me some equivalent conditions on whether a ring is a principal ideal domain?
 A: If $\Bbb Z[X]$ were a principal ideal domain, then its quotient by the ideal generated by$~X$, an element that is obviously irreducible, would have to be a field. But it is clear that $\Bbb Z[X]/(X)\cong\Bbb Z$ which is not a field.
A: As Ayman pointed out, one can consider $I=(2,x)\triangleleft\mathbb Z[x]$.
For contradiction, suppose $I=(p(x))$ for some $p(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$. Consider that $2x+2=2(x+1)\in I$. Then $2(x+1)=p(x)q(x)$ for some $q(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$. By hypothesis, we must have $p(x)=2$.
But now observe that $x+2\in A$. However, there is no $h(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$ such that $x+2=2h(x)$. So $p(x)$ cannot generate $A$.
A: Hint: Consider the ideal $(2, x)$. Show that it's not principal.

Suppose $(2, x) = (p(x))$ for some polynomial $p(x) \in \mathbb Z[x]$. Since $2 \in (p(x))$, then $2 = p(x) q(x)$ for some polynomial $q(x)\in \mathbb Z[x]$. Since $\mathbb Z$ is an integral domain, we have $\operatorname{degree} p(x)q(x) = \operatorname{degree}p(x) + \operatorname{degree}q(x)$. Thus, both $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ must be constant. The only possible options for $p(x)$ are $\{\pm 1, \pm 2\}$. Each possibility gives a contradiction. I'll let you show this.
A: Let $S$ be an ideal generated by $2$ and $x$ in $\Bbb{Z}[x]$.
Then  $S=2f(x)+xg(x):f(x),g(x)\in \Bbb{Z}[x]$ 
Now let $S$ be a principal domain generated by $h(x)$.
Then $2 \in S\implies 2\in h(x)\implies 2=h(x)h_1(x)\;\text {for some}\;\; h_1(x)\in\Bbb{Z}[x] \tag {1}$
and $x \in S\implies x\in h(x)\implies x=h(x)h_2(x)$ for some $h_2(x)\in\Bbb{Z}[x]$ 
This gives $2h_2(x)=xh_1(x)$. This expression shows that the coefficients of $h_1(x)$ are even.
So let $h_1(x)=2p(x)$ for some $p(x)\in \Bbb{Z}[x]$ 
So $(1)$ gives $2=2h(x)p(x)\implies h(x)p(x)=1\implies 1\in\langle h(x)\rangle=S$ 
Since $1\in S\implies 2q(x)+xr(x)=1\tag{2}$ for some $q(x), r(x)\in \Bbb{Z}[x]$
Let $q(x)=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots$ and $r(x)=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+\cdots$ 
So $(2)$ gives $2a_0=1$ which is an impossibility.
So $S$ is not a principal ideal and consequently $\Bbb{Z}[x]$ is not a PID.
A: Here is a general result:

If $D$ is a domain, then $D[X]$ is a PID iff $D$ is a field.

A: No. Consider the ideal $(2, x)$. In general, $F[x]$ is PID if and only if $F$ is a field. Integer set is not a field.
