What is the difference between linear transformation and linear operator? What is the difference between linear transformation and linear operator?
In our linear algebra class, we learned that, if
$$\textbf{T}:\textbf{V}\rightarrow\textbf{W}\quad\vec{v},\vec{u}\in\textbf{V}$$
$$\textbf{T}(\vec{v}+\vec{u})=\textbf{T}\vec{v}+\textbf{T}\vec{u}$$
$$\textbf{T}(c\vec{v})=c\textbf{T}(\vec{v})\quad\textbf{c}\in\mathbb{R}$$
then $\textbf{T}$ is linear transformation from $\textbf{V}$ to $\textbf{W}$.
 A: They are in a way synonymous, but I learned it this way. 
Consider a rotation in $R^2$ of some vector. This is a linear transformation. The operator defining this transformation is an angle rotation.
Consider a dilation of a vector by some factor. That is also a linear transformation. The operator this particular transformation is a scalar multiplication. 
The operator is sometimes referred to as what the linear transformation exactly entails. Other than that, it makes no difference really.  
A: For many people, the two terms are identical. However, my personal preference (and one which some other people also adopt) is that a linear operator on $X$ is a linear transformation $X \rightarrow X$. This is why it is common to hear phrases like "Let $T$ be a linear operator on a separable Hilbert space" without specifying the codomain.
A: Just wanted to add a little something even though for most people the distinction will never arise. 
Sometimes mathematicians define things like a polynomial $P(D)$ in an operator $D$. In most cases the operator $D$ will be a linear operator; which remains consistent with the fact that a linear operator $ T: V \to V$ has a square matrix representation. We know a polynomial in a square matrix is a valid thing and so nothing breaks. 
On the other hand, an arbitrary transformation $L : V \to W$ may not have a square representation (say dimensions of $V,W$ are different); so if we just blindly say they are the same thing, one misses this subtlety. So if someone asked me, I would say there is distinction between a linear operator (the domain and co-domain match) a linear transformation (the domain and co-domain need not match) in that every linear operator is a linear transformation, whereas not every linear transformation is a linear operator. 
