Probability about students and exams. In exams, $80\%$ of the students go prepared and $20\%$ go unprepared.
From the prepared ones, $90\%$ passes the exams.
From the unprepared one, only $10\%$ passes the exams.
First question:
If a student passes the exams, what is the probability for him to be prepared?
Second question: From $4$ randomly chosen students, what's the probability that at least 3 passed the exams?
 A: Let's write it in Terms:
$$A:=\text{Student is prepared.}$$
$$B:=\text{Student passes the exam.}$$
We are given
$$\begin{align*}
P(A) & = 0.8 \\
P(\bar{A}) & = 0.2 \\
P(B|A) & = 0.9 \\
P(B|\bar{A}) & = 0.1
\end{align*}$$
The question asks for
  1. $P(A|B)$ and
  2. $P(B)$ combined to a Bernoulli experiment.

1. $P(A|B)%$
By Bayes' theorem we have
$$P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A) P(A)}{P(B)}$$
And by total probability we have
$$P(B) = P(B|A) P(A) + P(B|\bar{A}) P(\bar{A}) = 0.9 \cdot 0.8 + 0.1 \cdot 0.2 = 0.74$$
So
$$P(A|B) = \frac{0.9 \cdot 0.8}{0.74} \approx 0.97 $$

2. Bernoulli
The Question is for
$$X := \sum_{i=1}^4 X_i$$
With $P(X_i = 1) = P(B), X_i \in \{0,1\}$ find
$$P(X \geq 3) = P(X=3) + P(X=4)$$
For $P(X=4)$ we only have $(B,B,B,B)$, so
$$P(X=4) = P(B)\cdot P(B) \cdot P(B) \cdot P(B) = P(B)^4 \approx 0.30$$
For $P(X=3)$ we have $(B,B,B,\bar{B}), (B,B,\bar{B},B), (B,\bar{B},B,B), (\bar{B},B,B,B)$, so
$$P(X=3) = 4\cdot P(B)^3 \cdot P(\bar{B}) = 4\cdot 0.74^3 \cdot 0.26 \approx 0.42$$
And thus
$$P(X\geq 3) \approx 0.72$$

In fact, the general formula given $P(X_i) = p$ is
$$P(X=k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}$$
Where $n$ is the sample size (here $n=4$).
A: The hard part is that prepared and pass both start with p. So we need to come up with letters other than $P$ as labels for events. 
Let $S$ be the event the student Studied. Let $E$ be the event she passed the Exam. We are asked for the conditional probability $\Pr(S|E)$. By the definition of conditional probability,
$$\Pr(S|E)=\frac{\Pr(S\cap E)}{\Pr(E)}.\tag{1}$$
Let us calculate $\Pr(E)$. The event passing the exam can happen in two ways (i) studied and passed or (ii) did not study but passed.
The probability of (i) is $(0.8)(0.9)$. The probability of (ii) is $(0.2)(0.1)$. 
Add. We get $\Pr(E)=0.74$.
We found $\Pr(S\cap E)$ already while finding $\Pr(E)$. It is $(0.8)(0.9)$. Divide as per Formula (1).
For the second problem, the probability of passing is $p=0.74$. The probability at least $3$ pass is the probability that $3$ pass plus the probability that $4$ pass. That is a standard binomial distribution problem, with answer
$$\binom{4}{3}p^3(1-p)+\binom{4}{4}p^4(1-p)^0.$$
