One of the problems in my homework set ask me to prove the following identity: $$\int{\sec^{n}(\theta)}d\theta=\frac{\tan(\theta)\sec^{n-2}(\theta)}{n-1}-\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int{\sec^{n-2}(\theta)d\theta}$$ Can someone give me a hint how to start? Thanks!
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$\begingroup$ Smelly like integration by parts. $\endgroup$ – Rasmus Aug 9 '13 at 14:42
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Using integration by parts, $$\int\sec^nxdx=\int\sec^{n-2}x\cdot \sec^2xdx$$ $$=\sec^{n-2}x\int\sec^2xdx-\int\left(\frac{d(\sec^{n-2}x)}{dx}\cdot \sec^2xdx\right)dx $$
$$=\sec^{n-2}x\tan x-\int\left((n-2)\sec^{n-3}x(\sec x\tan x)\cdot \tan x\right)dx $$
$$=\sec^{n-2}x\tan x-(n-2)\int\sec^{n-2}x(\sec^2x-1)dx $$
$$=\sec^{n-2}x\tan x-(n-2)\int\sec^nxdx+(n-2)\int\sec^{n-2}xdx+C $$ where $C$ is an arbitrary constant for indefinite integration
$$\implies (1+n-2)\sec^nxdx=\sec^{n-2}x\tan x+(n-2)\int\sec^{n-2}xdx+C$$
answered Aug 9 '13 at 14:42
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$\begingroup$ How about the +C? $\endgroup$ – user89632 Aug 9 '13 at 14:47
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$\begingroup$ @user89632, added the arbitrary constant, but the please check the problem. It's $+(n-2)\sec^{n-2}xdx$ also replace $\theta$ with $x$ $\endgroup$ – lab bhattacharjee Aug 9 '13 at 14:53
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Hint:
Use the fact that
$$\tan^2 (\theta)+1=\sec^2(\theta)$$
Now , $\sec^n \theta=\sec^{n-2} \theta \cdot \sec^2 \theta=\sec^{n-2}\theta \cdot (\tan^2 \theta+1)$
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Hint:
$$\int{\sec^{n}(\theta)}d\theta= \int{\sec^{n-2}(\theta)} \sec^2(\theta) d\theta$$
Integrate by parts.
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Hint:
remember that $d(\tan \theta) = \frac{d\theta}{\cos^2\theta} = \sec^2 \theta d\theta$, integrate by parts, then collect the like terms with $\int \frac{d\theta}{\cos^n \theta}$
