Show that $\gcd(a + b, a^2 + b^2) = 1\mbox{ or } 2$ How to show that $\gcd(a + b, a^2 + b^2) = 1\mbox{ or } 2$ for coprime $a$ and $b$?
I know the fact that $\gcd(a,b)=1$ implies $\gcd(a,b^2)=1$ and $\gcd(a^2,b)=1$, but how do I apply this to that?
 A: Hint:  Write $a^2+b^2=(a + b)(a − b)+2b^2$. 
Now you can show that $\gcd(a+b, b^2)=1$ so that $\gcd(a + b, 2b^2) = 1\text{ or }2$.
A: Hint: Suppose gcd(a,b)=1 and let $d=gcd(a+b,a^2+b^2) \implies d|(a+b) $ and $ d|(a^2+b^2)$. Let $dr=a+b$ and $ds=a^2+b^2$ where $r,s \in\mathbb{Z}$. We see that by squaring $dr=a+b$ we get $d^2r^2=a^2+2ab+b^2$. Then $d^2r^2-d=a^2+2ab+b^2-a^2-b^2=2ab$. Thus $d(dr^2-1)=2ab\implies d|2ab$ From this we break the proof into two cases where $d$ is odd and $d$ is even. 
Case:1.(We want to somehow show d=1). Suppose d is odd then $gcd(d,2)=1$. It follows $d|ab \implies d|a$ or $d|b$. If $d|a$ and since $d|(a+b)$. We see that since $d|(a+b)-d|a=d|b$ and since we assumed $gcd(a,b)=1$ it follows d=1. If $d|b$ then we see that $d|(a+b)-d|b=d|a$. Similarly $d=1$.
Case 2: Suppose d is even and in this case somehow show $d=2$.
A: Let positive integer $d$ divides both $a+b,a^2+b^2$
$\implies d$ divides $(a^2+b^2)+(a+b)(a-b)=2a^2$ 
Similarly, i.e., $d$  divides  $(a^2+b^2)-(a+b)(a-b)=2b^2$
$\implies d$ divides $2a^2,2b^2\implies d$ divides $(2a^2,2b^2)=2(a^2,b^2)=2(a,b)^2$
