Weak Solution and fourier transform It is from Stein's Real Analysis, Chapter 5, Exercise 15.
Suppose $f\in L^2(\mathbb R^d)$. Prove that there exists $g\in L^2(\mathbb R^d)$ such that
$$\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha f(x)=g(x)$$
in the weak sense, if and only if
$$(2 \pi i\xi)^\alpha \hat{f}(\xi)=\hat{g}(\xi)\in L^2(\mathbb R^d).$$
In the book, $\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha f(x)=g(x)$
in the weak sense means
$$(g,\phi)=(f,(-1)^{|\alpha|} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha \phi),~~\phi \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d),$$
where $C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d)$ means smooth with compact support.
 A: Let $L=(\frac{\partial}{\partial x})^{\alpha}$, then its adjoint operator $L^{*}=(-1)^{\lvert\alpha\rvert}(\frac{\partial}{\partial x})^{\alpha}$.
Now suppose there exists $g\in L^{2}$ such that $g=Lf$ weakly. Using Plancherel's identity, for any $\psi\in C_{0}^{\infty}$ we have\begin{align}
 \int\hat{g}(\xi)\overline{\hat{\psi}(\xi)}\,d\xi&=(\hat{g},\hat{\psi})\\
 &=(g,\psi)\\
 &=(f,L^{*}\psi)\\
 &=(\hat{f},\widehat{L^{*}\psi})\\
 &=\int\hat{f}(\xi)\overline{\widehat{L^{*}\psi}(\xi)}\,d\xi.\\
\end{align}Since this is true for all $\psi\in C_{0}^{\infty}$, we must have $\hat{g}(\xi)=(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\hat{f}(\xi)$ a.e. This holds because$$\overline{\widehat{L^{*}\psi}(\xi)}=\overline{\widehat{(-1)^{\lvert\alpha\rvert}\left( \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}\right) ^{\alpha}}\psi(\xi)}=\overline{(-1)^{\lvert\alpha\rvert}(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\hat{\psi}(\xi)}=(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\overline{\hat{\psi}(\xi)}.$$ Since $g\in L^{2},\ \hat{g}\in L^{2}$ by Plancherel's identity, so $\hat{g}(\xi)=(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\hat{f}(\xi)\in L^{2}$.
Conversely, suppose $\hat{g}(\xi)=(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\hat{f}(\xi)\in L^{2}$. Define $g$ as the inverse Fourier transform of $\hat{g}$. Using Plancherel's identity again,\begin{align}
(g,\psi)&=(\hat{g},\hat{\psi})\\
&=\int\hat{g}(\xi)\overline{\hat{\psi}(\xi)}\,d\xi\\
&=\int(2\pi i\xi)^{\alpha}\hat{f}(\xi)\overline{\hat{\psi}(\xi)}\,d\xi\\
&=\int\overline{\widehat{L^{*}\psi}(\xi)}\hat{f}(\xi)\,d\xi\\
&=(\hat{f},\widehat{L^{*}\psi})\\
&=(f,L^{*}\psi).\\
\end{align} Hence $g=Lf$ weakly.
A: I think I have a solution after search some notes.
See Lemma 23,
See Lemma 2.16.
Let $L=\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha$ and $L^*=(-1)^{|\alpha|} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha$.
(1) $(2 \pi i\xi)^\alpha \hat{f}(\xi)=\hat{g}(\xi)\in L^2(\mathbb R^d)\implies Lf=g$.
$$
\begin{align}
&(g(x),\phi(x))\\
=&(\hat g(\xi),\hat \phi(\xi))
=((2 \pi i\xi)^\alpha \hat{f}(\xi),\hat \phi(\xi))
=( \hat{f}(\xi), (-2 \pi i\xi)^\alpha \hat \phi(\xi))\\
=&(f(x),L^* \phi(x)),\quad \forall \phi \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d).
\end{align}$$
(2) Assume $ Lf=g$.
From $Lf=g$, we know that
$$(g(x),\phi(x))=(f(x),L^*\phi(x)),\quad \forall \phi \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d).$$
Take fourier transform, we have
$$(\hat g(\xi),\hat \phi(\xi))=(\hat f(\xi),\widehat{ L^*\phi}(\xi)).$$
With $\widehat{ L^*\phi}(\xi)=(-1)^{|\alpha|}(2\pi i\xi)^\alpha \hat \phi(\xi)$, we obtain
$$\int_{\mathbb R^d} \hat g(\xi) \overline{\hat \phi(\xi) }d\xi=\int (2\pi \xi)^\alpha f(\xi) \overline{\hat \phi(\xi)}d \xi,$$
that is
$$\int_{\mathbb R^d} h(\xi)\overline{ \hat \phi(\xi) } d\xi=0,\quad \forall \phi\in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d),$$
with $h(\xi)=g(\xi)-(2\pi \xi)^\alpha f(\xi)$.
Our goal is to show $h=0$.
(3) For any $\psi \in S(\mathbb R^d)$, there exist $\phi_n \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d)$ such that $\phi_n\to \psi$ and $\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha \phi_n\to \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha\psi$ in $L^2(\mathbb R^d)$.  (See Lemma 23 in the first note)
Let $\eta\in C_0^\infty (\mathbb R^d)$ with $\eta(x)=1$ near $0$. Take $\phi_n(x)=\psi(x)\eta(\frac{x}{n})\in C_0^\infty(\mathbb R^d)$.
Then $$\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \phi_n(x)= \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x) \cdot \eta(\frac{x}{n})+ \frac{1}{n}\psi(x)\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\eta(\frac{x}{n}).$$
By dominated convergence theorem, with $M=\max \{ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\eta(x),\eta(x)\}$, we have
$$|\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x) \cdot \eta(\frac{x}{n})|\leq M |\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x)|,\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x) \cdot \eta(\frac{x}{n})\to \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x) ~\text{pointwise},$$
which implies
$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x) \cdot \eta(\frac{x}{n})\to \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\psi(x)\in L^2(\mathbb R^d).$$
For the same reason,
$$\frac{1}{n}\psi(x)\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\eta(\frac{x}{n})\to 0\in L^2(\mathbb R^d).$$
This shows the first order partial derivative. And the higher order cases follow for the same reason.
(4) Use (3), we can have $(g(x),\psi(x))=(f(x),L^*\psi(x)),\quad \forall \psi \in S(\mathbb R^d).$
$$\begin{align}
&(g(x),\psi(x))=\lim (g(x),\phi_n(x))\\
=&\lim (f(x), L^* \phi_n(x))=\lim(f(x), (-1)^{|\alpha|} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha \phi_n(x))\\
=&(f(x), (-1)^{|\alpha|} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^\alpha \psi(x)).
\end{align}$$
The similar to (2), we have
$$\int_{\mathbb R^d} h(\xi)\overline{ \hat \psi(\xi) } d\xi=0,\quad \forall \psi\in S(\mathbb R^d).$$
Note that the fourier transform is a bijection on $S(\mathbb R^d)$, we have
$$\int_{\mathbb R^d} h(\xi)\overline{ \psi(\xi) } d\xi=0,\quad \forall \psi\in S(\mathbb R^d).$$
(5) $h=0$.
Take any bounded open set $O$. We have $C_0^\infty(O)\subseteq S(R^d)$ and
$$\int_O h(\xi)\overline{ \phi(\xi) } d\xi=0 \quad \forall \phi\in C_0^\infty(O).$$
Note that $h(\xi)\chi_O(\xi)\in L^2(O)$ and $C_0^\infty(O)$ is dence in $L^2(O)$, we have
$$(h(\xi),\psi(\xi))_{L^2(O)}=0,\quad \forall \psi \in L^2(O),$$
which implies $h(\xi)\chi_O(\xi)$ is zero almost everywhere.
