Eigenvalues of a composition of matrices I have a quite more general problem that I have reduced to the following question, which I don have any idea how to attack.
Let $A$ and $B$ be square matrices s.t. $AB$ has eigenvalue 1, take $P$ an orthogonal matrix, is 1 still an eigenvalue for $APBP^{-1}$. Taking $B$ a diagonal matrix this is trivially true, so it is not far-fetched to think this is possible, if not I would like a counterexample if possible. Thank in advance.
 A: This is certainly not true already for $2\times 2$-matrices. Here is an example with non-diagonal matrices.
$$
A=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \cr 3 & 7 \end{pmatrix}, \; 
B=\begin{pmatrix} 7 & -2 \cr -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, \; 
P=\frac{1}{3}\cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \sqrt{8} \cr \sqrt{8} & -1 \end{pmatrix}, \; 
$$
Then $AB=I$ has both eigenvalues $1$, but
$$
APBP^{-1}=\frac{1}{9}\begin{pmatrix} 14\sqrt{2}-11 & 4(8\sqrt{2} + 23) \cr 2(27\sqrt{2} - 23) & 106\sqrt{2} + 333 \end{pmatrix}
$$
has no eigenvalue $1$.
A: If $$A=B=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&2\end{pmatrix},P=P^{-1}= \begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}$$
then $$AB=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&4\end{pmatrix}, APBP^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix}2&0\\0&2\end{pmatrix}$$
So it is not even true for $B$ diagonal, only true for $B=\lambda I,$ or diagonal matrix with a constant on the diagonal.
If $A$ and $B$ are diagonal $n\times n$ matrices, it is true for permutation matrices, $P,$ if there is an eigenvalue $\lambda$ of $A$ repeated $k$ times such that $\lambda^{-1}$ is an eigenvalue of $B$ at least $n-k+1$ times.
But the permutation matrices are a very small part of the set of orthogonal matrices. I’d bet, given $A,B,$ you can always find a counterexample $P$ unless $A=\lambda I$ or $B=\lambda I$ for some $\lambda.$
