Does separation + reflection prove ZF - extensionality - foundation? Assume a first-order context. Let $\mathrm{tran}(x)$ denote that $x$ is transitive:
$$\mathrm{tran}(x) \leftrightarrow (\forall y \in x) (\forall z \in y) (z \in x)$$
Let $\mathrm{suptran}(x)$ denote that $x$ is supertransitive:
$$\mathrm{suptran}(x) \leftrightarrow (\forall y \in x) (\forall z \subseteq y) (z \in x)$$
Consider the following axiom schemas of reflection:
\begin{align}
& \phi \to \exists x (\phi^x \land \mathrm{tran}(x)) & \text{R1} \\
& \phi \to \exists x (\phi^x \land \mathrm{tran}(x) \land \mathrm{suptran}(x)) & \text{R2}
\end{align}
where $\phi$ is any formula in which $x$ is not free and $\phi^x$ is the relativization of $\phi$ to $x$ (changing all quantifiers in $\phi$ to range over $x$). Ref. 1 says extensionality, separation, and R1 prove pairs, union, powerset, infinity, and replacement. Ref. 2 says

Extensionality, Separation, and Foundation, together with the Reflection Principle, formulated as the axiom schema asserting that each formula is reflected by some set that contains all elements and all subsets of its elements (note that the Vα are like this), is equivalent to ZF.

My questions are the following:

*

*Is the supertransitivity condition, as opposed to just transitivity, necessary?

*Does separation + R# (without extensionality) prove ZF - extensionality - foundation?


References:

*

*Stewart Shapiro, Gabriel Uzquiano. Frege meets zermelo: A perspective on ineffability and reflection: A perspective on ineffability and reflection. Cambridge University Press: 2008-08-01. http://people.ucalgary.ca/~rzach/static/banff/rsl-specialissue/shapiro-uzquiano/shapiro-uzquiano.pdf. Page 6.


*Joan Bagaria. Set Theory. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 2019-02-12. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/#UniVAllSet. Section 4, last paragraph.
 A: *

*Supertransitivity (in other words, $V_\alpha$ for some limit $\alpha$) is necessary.
Assume that $V=L$ and consider $L_{\omega_1}$. It is known that $L_{\omega_1}$ satisfies $\mathsf{ZFC}^-$, that is, $\mathsf{ZFC}$ without Power Set. Furthermore, $L_{\omega_1}$ also satisfies Reflection in a sense that for every formula $\phi(x)$ with a parameter $a$, we can find $\alpha<\omega_1$ such that $a\in L_\alpha$ and
$$L_{\omega_1}\models \phi(a)\leftrightarrow \phi^{L_\alpha}(a).$$
Especially, $L_{\omega_1}$ satisfies Extensionality, Separation, Foundation, and R1. However, it does not satisfy the full $\mathsf{ZF}$.


*Everything becomes tricky if we do not have extensionality. However, the above result also shows that R1 + Separation does not prove $\mathsf{ZF}$ without Separation and Foundation. (If were, $L_{\omega_1}$ must satisfy Powerset.)
I have no idea what happens if we assume R2. However, the following variant of R2 proves other axioms of ZF (except for Extensionality and Foundation):
$$\forall a_1\cdots \forall a_n[ \exists x (a_1,\cdots,a_n\in x\land \text{$x$ is transitive and supertransitive}\land \forall t\in x \ [\phi_0(t)\leftrightarrow \phi^x_0(t)] \land\cdots\land [\phi_n(t)\leftrightarrow \phi^x_n(t)]   )]. $$
The most tricky axiom would be Replacement: assume that $\forall x\in a\exists!y \phi(x,y)$. Find a supertransitive $M\ni a$ that reflects $\forall x\in a\exists!y \phi(x,y)$ and $\phi(x,y)$. Then consider the set $R$ given by
$$y\in R \leftrightarrow y\in M \land \exists x\in a\  \phi(x,y).$$
