Persistent Homology: Birth and death of cycles So I'm trying to understand death and birth in persistent homology.
Given a filtration of complexes $\emptyset = K_0 \subseteq K_1 \subseteq \ldots \subseteq K_n = K$, we have induced homomorphisms $f^{i,j}_p \colon H_p(K_i) \to H_p(K_j)$ for $i \leq j$.
The pth persitent homology groups are the images of $f^{i,j}_p$.
And we say that class $\phi$ is born at $K_i$ if $\phi \notin H^{i-1,i}_p$. And class born at $K_i$ dies entering $K_j$ if $f^{i, j-1}_p(\phi) \notin H_p^{i-1,j-1}$ but $f_p^{i,j}(\phi) \in H^{i-1,j}_p$

My question is the follow.
Let's consider the following cubical complex(I'm working with cubical complexes but this probably works as simplicial complex too)

And let's make $K_0$ the following.

And $K_1$ the whole complex.
Then $H_0(K_0) \cong \mathbb{Z}^2$, where it is a free abelian group generated by $a$ and $c$.
And $H_0(K_1) \cong \mathbb{Z}$.
Now, the class $a$ born at $K_0$ dies entering $K_1$ if $f^{0,0}_0(a) = a \notin H^{-1,0}_0 = 0$(which is true) and $f^{0,1}_0(a) \in H^{-1,1}_0 = 0$, which is not true since $a$ is not trivial inside $H_0(K_1)$.
Intuitively, that doesn't make sense to me since it seems that $a$ is being killed when you include $c$ and its edge into the complex.
I ran this example in R package ripserr, which gives me back the following output.

sample_image = matrix(0, nrow = 1, ncol = 3)
sample_image[1, ] = c(0,1,0)


sample_image


image_phom <- cubical(sample_image)
image_phom

which outputs

Beside dimension -1 which makes no sense to me, it seems to be indicating that there's one cycle that is born at $K_0$ and dies at $K_1$. But I would have thought there would be 2 cycles born at $K_0$, and two cycles dying at $K_1$ instead.
If you could clear up my confusion, I would be grateful. Thanks.
 A: Here's my explanation of what's going on! For the moment, let's ignore the ripserr output. You have two H_0 classes (connected components) born at filtration index 0, and then at filtration index 1 they merge, leaving only a single connected component. The 0-dimensional persistent homology barcode, therefore, consists of the intervals $[0,\infty)$ and $[0,1)$. At filtration index 0, you are correct that $H_0$ is generated by the 0-cycles $a$ and $c$. But that basis is not a "consistent'' basis for representing the persistent homology at all filtration indices. A better basis in order to understand the persistent homology is the 0-cycles $a+c$ and $a-c$. Indeed, the 0-cycle $a+c$ generates the interval $[0,\infty)$, and the 0-cycle $a-c$ generates the interval $[0,1)$, since at filtration index 1 the cycle $a-c$ becomes a boundary: it is the boundary of the 1-chain $[a,b]+[b,c]$ that consists of two edges, and whose boundary is $a-c$. Does that explantion for why the 0-dimensional persistent homology consists of the two intervals $[0,\infty)$ and $[0,1)$ make sense?
Now, moving to the ripserr output, I suspect that ripserr is using reduced homology instead of homology. One interpretation of reduced homology is simply to ignore the first connected component that appears. But another interpretation of reduced homology is to consider the first connected component that appears as a (-1)-dimensional homology class. This usage is consistent with the first example at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-connected_space, where one says that a space is "-1 connected" if and only if it is nonempty. In any case, in the ripserr output, since they are using reduced homology, the interval $[0,-\infty)$ has been bumped down to dimension -1, whereas the interval $[0,1)$ remains as a 0-dimensional persistent homology interval.
