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Here, it is said that a space-filling curve cannot be injective because "that will make the curve a homeomorphism from the unit interval onto the unit square", since every continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism.

That does mean there can be no injective mapping from $[0,1]$ onto $[0,1]\!\times\![0,1]$, but it doesn't really tell us anything about mappings from noncompact intervals onto the unit square. In the case of the ordinary Peano-Hilbert curve, it does not help much: the construction has infinitely (only countably, though) many inherent points of overlap (discussed here: In what way is the Peano curve not one-to-one with $[0,1]^2$? ), but I can't really see any reason why there could not be a space-filling curve without such points. Of course, the curve's inverse could not be continuous, but when mapping from a noncompact interval it wouldn't need to be! After all, there are other curves mapping noncompact spaces bijectively to compact ones in a continuous way, but with noncontinuous inverse, like the obvious $[0,2\pi[\to S^1$.

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There are no continuous bijections from $\mathbb{R}$ to $\mathbb{R}^2$, or to $[0,1]^2$.

Suppose $f$ is a continuous injection from $\mathbb{R}$ into $\mathbb{R}^2$. Then for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $f|_{[-n,n]}$ is a continuous injection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space, and hence a homeomorphism onto its image. Thus the image $f([-n,n])$ is nowhere dense: it's compact, hence closed, hence if it were somewhere dense it would contain a closed ball. But then there would be infinitely many points that could be deleted from it without disconnecting it, contradicting it being homeomorphic to $[-n,n]$.

Thus the image of $f$ is a countable union of nowhere-dense sets. So by the Baire category theorem it can't be all of $\mathbb{R}^2$, or indeed any set with nonempty interior.

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    $\begingroup$ Where exactly does "if it were somewhere dense it would contain a closed ball" come from? $\endgroup$
    – leftaroundabout
    Jun 3 '11 at 23:15
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    $\begingroup$ @leftaroundabout: if it were somewhere dense its closure would contain a closed ball, and since it's already closed, it contains a closed ball. $\endgroup$
    – Qiaochu Yuan
    Jun 3 '11 at 23:20
  • $\begingroup$ About deleting points, maybe you should emphasize that the homeomorphism $f^{-1}$'s restriction to the closed ball is also a homeomorphism. So the closed ball is homeomorphic to a closed connected set in $[-n,n]$. Then if we delete points.... $\endgroup$
    – Beginner
    Dec 15 '21 at 4:27
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A proof of "No continuous bijection for $[0, 1]$ and $[0, 1]^2$":

Let $f$ be a continuous bijection from $[0, 1]$ to $[0, 1]^2$, $x \in [0, 1]$

$A = [0, 1] - x$, $B = [0, 1]^2 - f(x)$

A is not path-connected but B is, which leads to a contradiction.

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  • $\begingroup$ Your proof seems to rely on the argument that if $A$ is not path-connected but $B$ is, there can be no continuous bijection $A\to B$. But consider $A = \mathbb{R}$ with the discrete topology and $B = \mathbb{R}$ with the usual topology. The identity map $A\to B$ is a continuous bijection, $AA$ is not path-connected, and $B$ is path-connected. $\endgroup$
    – Alex Kruckman
    Jun 27 '20 at 17:51
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    $\begingroup$ Your argument works to show that there is no continuous bijection $[0,1]^2\to [0,1]$, but not the other way around. $\endgroup$
    – Alex Kruckman
    Jun 27 '20 at 17:51

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