Are there infinitely many Fermat prime pairs? Suppose $p$ and $q$ are prime numbers. Let’s call the pair $(p, q)$ a Fermat pair iff $| p - q | < 2\sqrt{2} (pq)^{\frac{1}{4}}$.
Such prime pairs possess a rather interesting property: they can neatly be expressed using only their product (even though prime decomposition is generally a computationally hard problem). If I recall correctly, this fact was first discovered by Pierre de Fermat (hence the name of the pairs).
To be concrete, if $N = pq$ and $p > q$, then
$$p = \lfloor \sqrt{N} \rfloor + 1 + \sqrt{(\lfloor \sqrt{N} \rfloor + 1)^2 - N}$$
$$q = \lfloor \sqrt{N} \rfloor + 1 - \sqrt{(\lfloor \sqrt{N} \rfloor + 1)^2 - N}$$
Proof:
Suppose  $a = \frac{p + q}{2}$ and $b = \frac{p - q}{2}$. Then $N = a^2 - b^2$. Now, from $b < \sqrt{2} N^{\frac{1}{4}} < \sqrt{2a}$ we can derive that $(a-1)^2 \leq N < a^2$, which yields us our formulas.
My question is:
Are there infinitely many Fermat pairs?
If the answer is known, it should be positive. Why? Because any pair of twin primes is a Fermat pair. Therefore the negative answer to this question would have given negative answer to the Twin Prime Conjecture (and that problem is currently open).
However, if it is known, I would like to see a proof that there are infinitely many Fermat pairs.
 A: It has been proven that there an infinitely many primes that differ by at most 246. Therefore, with $p > q$, you have infinitely many cases such that $p - q \leq 246$.
But, solving $2\sqrt{2}(pq)^{\frac{1}{4}} > 246$ yields $pq > \left(\frac{123}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^4$. Since $p = q + k$ with $k$ at most $246$, this can readily be solved to show that there is a finite lower bound on $p$, for which all $p$ bigger than this bound solves the inequality thus satisfying the condition of a Fermat pair.
Links can be found here:
https://asone.ai/polymath/index.php?title=Bounded_gaps_between_primes
A: The prime number theorem says that there are $(1 + o(1)) \frac{n}{\ln n}$ primes less than or equal to $n$. In particular, for large enough $n$, there are at least $\frac{n^2}{2 \ln (n^2)} - \frac{2n}{\ln n}$ primes between $n$ and $n^2$.
In this range, to have $|p-q| < 2 \sqrt{2} (pq)^{1/4}$, it's more than enough to ask that $|p-q| < 2 \sqrt{2n}$; near the top of that range, that's overkill.
However, if there were no primes between $n$ and $n^2$ that are less than $2\sqrt{2n}$ apart, then there would be at most $\frac{n^2 - n}{2 \sqrt {2n}}$ primes in that range, which is less than $\frac{n^2}{2 \ln (n^2)} - \frac{2n}{\ln n}$ when $n$ is large.
Therefore, for every sufficiently large $n$, there is a Fermat prime pair in the range from $n$ to $n^2$, which gives us infinitely many such pairs.
