What is the integral of the floor function and any power of the floor function? What is the integral of the floor of x? Furthermore, what is the integral of a power of the floor of x? I saw in one of the answers here that:
$$
\int \;\lfloor x \rfloor dx = x\lfloor x \rfloor - \frac12 \lfloor x \rfloor(\lfloor x \rfloor + 1)\;
$$
But the person did not provide a proof. I do not quite understand how they arrived at that answer. I tried Googling it, but I can't seem to find a proof. Can anyone provide one please? Additionally, can you provide how you would take the integral of a power of the floor of x, such as:
$$
\int \;\lfloor x \rfloor^n dx
$$
where n is a natural number. I'd appreciate it.
 A: If $F(b)$ is the antiderivative of $\lfloor b\rfloor$, then
$$F(b)-F(0)=\int_0^b\lfloor x\rfloor dx$$
$$=\sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}\int_n^{n+1}\lfloor x\rfloor dx+\int_{\lfloor b\rfloor}^b\lfloor x\rfloor dx$$
$$=\sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}n+\int_{\lfloor b\rfloor}^b\lfloor b\rfloor dx$$
$$=\frac{\lfloor b\rfloor(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)}2+\lfloor b\rfloor(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)$$
$$=\frac{\lfloor b\rfloor(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)+2\lfloor b\rfloor(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)}2$$
$$=\frac{\lfloor b\rfloor(2b-\lfloor b\rfloor-1)}2$$
$$=\lfloor b\rfloor b-\frac{\lfloor b\rfloor(\lfloor b\rfloor+1)}2$$
If we define $F(0)=0$, then we have $F(b)=\lfloor b\rfloor b-\frac{\lfloor b\rfloor(\lfloor b\rfloor+1)}2$.

Similarly, if $F(b)$ is the antiderivative of $\lfloor b\rfloor^n$, then:
$$F(b)-F(0)=\int_0^b\lfloor x\rfloor^n dx$$
$$=\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}\int_i^{i+1}\lfloor x\rfloor^n dx+\int_{\lfloor b\rfloor}^b\lfloor x\rfloor^n dx$$
$$=\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}i^n+\int_{\lfloor b\rfloor}^b\lfloor b\rfloor^n dx$$
$$=\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}i^n+(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)\lfloor b\rfloor^n$$
Using robjob's Hockey-Stick Identity:
$$\newcommand{\stirtwo}[2]{\left\{#1\atop#2\right\}}$$
$$\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}i^n=\sum_{j=0}^n\binom{\lfloor b\rfloor}{j+1}\stirtwo{n}{j}j!$$
Where $\stirtwo{m}{j}$ are Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind.
Hence,
$$F(b)-F(0)=\sum_{j=0}^n\left[\binom{\lfloor b\rfloor}{j+1}\stirtwo{n}{j}j!\right]+(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)\lfloor b\rfloor^n$$
If $F(0)=0$, then
$$F(b)=\sum_{j=0}^n\left[\binom{\lfloor b\rfloor}{j+1}\stirtwo{n}{j}j!\right]+(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)\lfloor b\rfloor^n$$

Alternately, applying the more well-known but less compact Faulhaber's formula:
$$\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor b\rfloor-1}i^n= \frac{(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n+1}}{n+1}+\frac12(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^n+\sum_{k=2}^n \frac{B_{k}}{k!}\frac{n!}{(n-k+1)!}(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n-k+1}$$
Where $B_k$ is the $k$th Bernoulli number.
Hence,
$$F(b)-F(0)=\frac{(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n+1}}{n+1}+\frac12(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^n+\sum_{k=2}^n\left[\frac{B_{k}}{k!}\frac{n!}{(n-k+1)!}(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n-k+1}\right]+(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)\lfloor b\rfloor^n$$
If we let $F(0)=0$, then
$$F(b)=\frac{(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n+1}}{n+1}+\frac12(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^n+\sum_{k=2}^n\left[\frac{B_{k}}{k!}\frac{n!}{(n-k+1)!}(\lfloor b\rfloor-1)^{n-k+1}\right]+(b-\lfloor b\rfloor)\lfloor b\rfloor^n$$
A: When you are integrating the floor function, you are essentially adding rectangles
$$\int_0^x \lfloor t\rfloor dt = \int_0^10dt + \int_1^21dt + \int_2^32dt + ... + \int_{{\lfloor x \rfloor}-1}^{\lfloor x \rfloor}(\lfloor x \rfloor -1)dt + \int_{\lfloor x \rfloor}^{x} \lfloor x \rfloor dt$$
$$ = 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + \lfloor x \rfloor-1 + \lfloor x \rfloor(x-\lfloor x \rfloor) $$
