Distributional derivative of measures and Radon-Nikodym derivative. The distributional derivative of a function $f$ is the function $g$ that verifies $\int f\phi'=-\int g\phi$. In particular, if f is differentiable, the distributional derivatives is the same as the standard derivative. Now similarly, if $\mu$ is a measure, I think its distributional derivative is defined as the measure $\nu$ such that $\int \phi'd\mu = -\int \phi d\nu$. I was wondering if the distributional derivative of the measure $\mu$ had something to do with the Radon-Nykodym derivative, or if they absolutely have nothing to do with each other (exept for the word "derivative").
 A: For the Radon-Nikodym derivative, see e.g. this question.
Regarding your definition of the distributional derivative: Keep in mind that the equation
\begin{equation}
\int f \phi' = - \int g \phi
\end{equation}
has to hold for all $\phi$ in some test function space e.g. $C^\infty_c$ or the space of Schwartz functions leading to related but different notions of weak derivatives.
Now, every sufficiently regular measure $\mu$ can be regarded as a distribution. Note that, e.g. measures of exponential growth are not tempered distributions such that, again, the space of test functions matters!
Regarding the derivative: Consider the Dirac measure $\delta_0$ at the origin. Its distributional derivative is the linear functional $\phi \mapsto -\phi'(0)$. Suppose that this linear functional could be represented by a measure. Then (by working out the technical details) you will find that, by the Riesz-Markov-Kakutani representation theorem, the functional should extend continuously to $C_c$ (the space of continuous functions with compact support. But it is now easy to construct a sequence of $C_c^\infty$ functions $\phi_n$ converging - in $\mathbf{C_c}$ - to a function $\phi$ that is not differentiable at the origin in such a way that $\sup_n \vert \phi_n'(0) \vert$ is unbounded. This is a contradiction!
Consequently, the distributional derivative of $\delta_0$ cannot be represented by a measure.
