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It's an inequality based on two found on the website MSE (see the reference):

Let $a,b,c>0$ then we have:

$$\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+c}+\frac{c}{a+b}\geq\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}}$$

Lemma 1 :

$a,b,c>0$ then we have :

$$\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{b+c}\geq P(a,b,c)=\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{9}{4}\frac{(c^4+a^4+b^4-c^2a^2-b^2a^2-c^2b^2)}{((a+b+c)\frac{3}{4}+\frac{3}{4}(abc)^{\frac{1}{3}})(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}+\frac{(c^2+a^2+b^2-ca-ba-cb)(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}}$$

Proof of lemma 1 :

First we remark that the inequality is homogenous and we can try the substitution $3u=a+b+c$, $3v^2=ab+bc+ca$ and $w^3=abc$ and apply the uvw's method .

We have : $$a^4+b^4+c^4=(9u^2-6v^2)^2-2(9v^4-6uw^3)$$ $$a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2=9v^4-6uw^3$$ $$a^2+b^2+c^2=9u^2-6v^2$$

And : $\left(\frac{((3u)((3u)^2-4(3v^2))+5w^3)}{3u3v^2-w^3}+2\right)^2\geq \frac{9}{4}+\frac{(9/4)((9u^2-6v^2)^2-2(9v^4-6uw^3)-(9v^4-6uw^3))+(2.25u+0.75w)(9u^2-9v^2)(3u)}{(2.25u+0.75w)(3u3v^2-w^3)}$

it's enough to find an extreme value of our expression for the extreme value of $w^3$ wich happens for an equality case of two variables .

Since the last inequality is homogeneous, we can assume that $b=c=1$.

$$\frac{2}{a+1}+\frac{a}{2}\geq\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{9}{4}\frac{(a^4+1-2a^2)}{((a+2)\frac{3}{4}+\frac{3}{4}(a)^{\frac{1}{3}})(a+1)^2(2)}+\frac{(a^2+1-2a)(a+2)}{(a+1)^2(2)}}$$

Now it seems to be clear : we get a polynomial with a root equal to one . See the factorization by Wolfram alpha .

End of the proof of the lemma 1

Remains to show that $ a\geq b \geq c>0$:

$$P(a,b,c)\geq\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}}$$

Wich is not hard I think .

Question :

How to show it ?

Reference :

M. A. Rozenberg, “uvw–Method in Proving Inequalities”, Math. Ed., 2011, no. 3-4(59-60), 6–14

If $x,y,z>0$, prove that: $\frac{x}{y+z}+\frac{y}{x+z}+\frac{z}{x+y}\ge \sqrt{2}\sqrt{2-\frac{7xyz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}}$

Stronger than Nesbitt inequality

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  • $\begingroup$ Yes, it is true, e.g. verified by Mathematica. $\endgroup$
    – River Li
    Mar 17, 2021 at 2:49
  • $\begingroup$ @RiverLi Thanks!! BW works here? Good week-end! $\endgroup$
    – Erik Satie
    Mar 20, 2021 at 11:39
  • $\begingroup$ @ Erik Satie: Yes, BW works but it is complicated. $\endgroup$
    – River Li
    Mar 20, 2021 at 12:08
  • $\begingroup$ @RiverLi Can you put an answer or it is too difficult ? $\endgroup$
    – Erik Satie
    Mar 20, 2021 at 13:18
  • $\begingroup$ It is annoying to write down it. $\endgroup$
    – River Li
    Mar 20, 2021 at 14:39

3 Answers 3

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Let $a,b,c>0$ then we have:

$$\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+c}+\frac{c}{a+b}\geq \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}}$$ say that $x \in \{ a,b,c \}$ then $x^3-px^2+qx-r = 0$ $$p = a+b+c$$ $$q = ab+ac+bc$$ $$r= abc$$ $$\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+c}+\frac{c}{a+b} = \frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} $$ $$\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}} = \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2p}{pq-r}}$$ $$\frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} \geq \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2p}{pq-r}}$$ $(a-b)^2$ is not symmetric, so it is the root of some cubic in $y$, with its conjugate being $(a-c)^2$ and $(b-c)^2$ $$y^3+(6q-2p^2)y^2+(9q^2-6p^2q+p^4)y+27r^2-18pqr+4p^3r+4q^3-p^2q^2 = 0$$ $$\frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} \geq \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{py}{pq-r}}$$ our trick here is to make the RHS a root of another polynomial $z$ $$\frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} \geq \sqrt{z}$$ $$( \frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} )^2 \geq z$$ $$ z = \frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{py}{pq-r}$$ solving for $y$ so that we can substitute it's value to get the expression for polynomial $z$ $$ y = \frac{ (4z-9)(pq-r) }{6p}$$ $$y^3+(6q-2p^2)y^2+(9q^2-6p^2q+p^4)y+27r^2-18pqr+4p^3r+4q^3-p^2q^2 = 0$$ $$ (64r^3-192pqr^2+192p^2q^2r-64p^3q^3)z^3+(-432r^3+720pqr^2+192p^3r^2-144p^2q^2r-384p^4qr-144p^3q^3+192p^5q^2)z^2+(972r^3-324pqr^2-864p^3r^2-972p^2q^2r+864p^4qr+144p^6r+324p^3q^3-144p^7q)z-729r^3-729pqr^2-4860p^3r^2+729p^2q^2r+3888p^4qr-1188p^6r-135p^3q^3-756p^5q^2+324p^7q = 0$$ from $( \frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} )^2 \geq z$ since the inequality here is greater than our root $z$, if I put this for $z$ the value is expected to be also greater than or equal to $0$ $$ (64r^3-192pqr^2+192p^2q^2r-64p^3q^3)\cdot (\frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} )^6+(-432r^3+720pqr^2+192p^3r^2-144p^2q^2r-384p^4qr-144p^3q^3+192p^5q^2)\cdot ( \frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} )^4+(972r^3-324pqr^2-864p^3r^2-972p^2q^2r+864p^4qr+144p^6r+324p^3q^3-144p^7q)\cdot ( \frac{ p^3-2pq+3r}{pq-r} )^2-729r^3-729pqr^2-4860p^3r^2+729p^2q^2r+3888p^4qr-1188p^6r-135p^3q^3-756p^5q^2+324p^7q \geq 0$$ $$\frac{ 19683r^6-91854pqr^5+55404p^3r^5+181521p^2q^2r^4-210924p^4qr^4+71064p^6r^4-193428p^3q^3r^3+331128p^5q^2r^3-210816p^7qr^3+39744p^9r^3+117045p^4q^4r^2-265752p^6q^3r^2+241200p^8q^2r^2-86976p^{10}qr^2+10656p^{12}r^2-38142p^5q^5r+108444p^7q^4r-125376p^9q^3r+65088p^{11}q^2r-15360p^{13}qr+1344p^{15}r+5239p^6q^6-17916p^8q^5+24888p^{10}q^4-16576p^{12}q^3+5664p^{14}q^2-960p^{16}q+64p^{18}}{(r-pq)^3} \geq 0$$ $$19683r^6-91854pqr^5+55404p^3r^5+181521p^2q^2r^4-210924p^4qr^4+71064p^6r^4-193428p^3q^3r^3+331128p^5q^2r^3-210816p^7qr^3+39744p^9r^3+117045p^4q^4r^2-265752p^6q^3r^2+241200p^8q^2r^2-86976p^{10}qr^2+10656p^{12}r^2-38142p^5q^5r+108444p^7q^4r-125376p^9q^3r+65088p^{11}q^2r-15360p^{13}qr+1344p^{15}r+5239p^6q^6-17916p^8q^5+24888p^{10}q^4-16576p^12q^3+5664p^{14}q^2-960p^{16}q+64p^{18} \geq (r-pq)^3$$ now for $a,b,c \gt 0$, we are left to prove the above inequality, obviously without calculating I can see how great the LHS is, compared to the RHS..... also since $a,b,c \gt 0$, it is easy to know that $q \gt ( p, r)$ and sometimes $q \gt r \gt p $, this makes me suspect that the expression $r-pq$ is negative

If I write in terms of the original elements $a,b,c$ then $$64c^{18}+192bc^{17}+192ac^{17}+96b^2c^{16}+576abc^{16}+96a^2c^{16}-256b^3c^{15}-256a^3c^{15}-360b^4c^{14}-1248ab^3c^{14}-816a^2b^2c^{14}-1248a^3bc^{14}-360a^4c^{14}-204b^5c^{13}-924ab^4c^{13}-792a^2b^3c^{13}-792a^3b^2c^{13}-924a^4bc^{13}-204a^5c^{13}-369b^6c^{12}-630ab^5c^{12}+1281a^2b^4c^{12}+4364a^3b^3c^{12}+1281a^4b^2c^{12}-630a^5bc^{12}-369a^6c^{12}-390b^7c^{11}-1626ab^6c^{11}+690a^2b^5c^{11}+7470a^3b^4c^{11}+7470a^4b^3c^{11}+690a^5b^2c^{11}-1626a^6bc^{11}-390a^7c^{11}+681b^8c^{10}+138ab^7c^{10}-2736a^2b^6c^{10}+630a^3b^5c^{10}+6606a^4b^4c^{10}+630a^5b^3c^{10}-2736a^6b^2c^{10}+138a^7bc^{10}+681a^8c^{10}+1540b^9c^9+4098ab^8c^9-90a^2b^7c^9-6566a^3b^6c^9-5382a^4b^5c^9-5382a^5b^4c^9-6566a^6b^3c^9-90a^7b^2c^9+4098a^8bc^9+1540a^9c^9+681b^{10}c^8+4098ab^9c^8+3966a^2b^8c^8-6162a^3b^7c^8-8439a^4b^6c^8-3072a^5b^5c^8-8439a^6b^4c^8-6162a^7b^3c^8+3966a^8b^2c^8+4098a^9bc^8+681a^{10}c^8-390b^{11}c^7+138ab^{10}c^7-90a^2b^9c^7-6162a^3b^8c^7-4152a^4b^7c^7+11424a^5b^6c^7+11424a^6b^5c^7-4152a^7b^4c^7-6162a^8b^3c^7-90a^9b^2c^7+138a^{10}bc^7-390a^{11}c^7-369b^{12}c^6-1626ab^{11}c^6-2736a^2b^{10}c^6-6566a^3b^9c^6-8439a^4b^8c^6+11424a^5b^7c^6+29616a^6b^6c^6+11424a^7b^5c^6-8439a^8b^4c^6-6566a^9b^3c^6-2736a^{10}b^2c^6-1626a^{11}bc^6-369a^{12}c^6-204b^{13}c^5-630ab^{12}c^5+690a^2b^{11}c^5+630a^3b^{10}c^5-5382a^4b^9c^5-3072a^5b^8c^5+11424a^6b^7c^5+11424a^7b^6c^5-3072a^8b^5c^5-5382a^9b^4c^5+630a^{10}b^3c^5+690a^{11}b^2c^5-630a^{12}bc^5-204a^{13}c^5-360b^{14}c^4-924ab^{13}c^4+1281a^2b^{12}c^4+7470a^3b^{11}c^4+6606a^4b^{10}c^4-5382a^5b^9c^4-8439a^6b^8c^4-4152a^7b^7c^4-8439a^8b^6c^4-5382a^9b^5c^4+6606a^{10}b^4c^4+7470a^{11}b^3c^4+1281a^{12}b^2c^4-924a^{13}bc^4-360a^{14}c^4-256b^{15}c^3-1248ab^{14}c^3-792a^2b^{13}c^3+4364a^3b^{12}c^3+7470a^4b^{11}c^3+630a^5b^{10}c^3-6566a^6b^9c^3-6162a^7b^8c^3-6162a^8b^7c^3-6566a^9b^6c^3+630a^{10}b^5c^3+7470a^{11}b^4c^3+4364a^{12}b^3c^3-792a^{13}b^2c^3-1248a^{14}bc^3-256a^{15}c^3+96b^{16}c^2-816a^2b^{14}c^2-792a^3b^{13}c^2+1281a^4b^{12}c^2+690a^5b^{11}c^2-2736a^6b^{10}c^2-90a^7b^9c^2+3966a^8b^8c^2-90a^9b^7c^2-2736a^{10}b^6c^2+690a^{11}b^5c^2+1281a^{12}b^4c^2-792a^{13}b^3c^2-816a^{14}b^2c^2+96a^{16}c^2+192b^{17}c+576ab^{16}c-1248a^3b^{14}c-924a^4b^{13}c-630*a^5b^{12}c-1626a^6b^{11}c+138a^7b^{10}c+4098a^8b^9c+4098a^9b^8c+138a^{10}b^7c-1626a^{11}b^6c-630a^{12}b^5c-924a^{13}b^4c-1248a^{14}b^3c+576a^{16}bc+192a^{17}c+64b^{18}+192ab^{17}+96a^2b^{16}-256a^3b^{15}-360a^4b^{14}-204a^5b^{13}-369a^6b^{12}-390a^7b^{11}+681a^8b^{10}+1540a^9b^9+681a^{10}b^8-390a^{11}b^7-369a^{12}b^6-204a^{13}b^5-360a^{14}b^4-256a^{15}b^3+96a^{16}b^2+192a^{17}b+64a^{18} \geq -bc^2-ac^2-b^2c-2abc-a^2c-ab^2-a^2b$$

Just as I said the RHS is negative, we are going to prove that the LHS is positive, though it is symmetric and it factors into $3$ products $$(4c^6+2bc^5+2ac^5-9b^2c^4+2abc^4+3a^2c^4-8b^3c^3-14ab^2c^3+4a^2bc^3+10a^3c^3+3b^4c^2-8ab^3c^2-6a^2b^2c^2+4a^3bc^2+3a^4c^2+8b^5c+14ab^4c-8a^2b^3c-14a^3b^2c+2a^4bc+2a^5c+4b^6+8ab^5+3a^2b^4-8a^3b^3-9a^4b^2+2a^5b+4a^6)\cdot (4c^6+2bc^5+2ac^5+3b^2c^4+2abc^4-9a^2c^4+10b^3c^3+4ab^2c^3-14a^2bc^3-8a^3c^3+3b^4c^2+4ab^3c^2-6a^2b^2c^2-8a^3bc^2+3a^4c^2+2b^5c+2ab^4c-14a^2b^3c-8a^3b^2c+14a^4bc+8a^5c+4b^6+2ab^5-9a^2b^4-8a^3b^3+3a^4b^2+8a^5b+4a^6)\cdot (4c^6+8bc^5+8ac^5+3b^2c^4+14abc^4+3a^2c^4-8b^3c^3-8ab^2c^3-8a^2bc^3-8a^3c^3-9b^4c^2-14ab^3c^2-6a^2b^2c^2-14a^3bc^2-9a^4c^2+2b^5c+2ab^4c+4a^2b^3c+4a^3b^2c+2a^4bc+2a^5c+4b^6+2ab^5+3a^2b^4+10a^3b^3+3a^4b^2+2a^5b+4a^6) \geq -bc^2-ac^2-b^2c-2abc-a^2c-ab^2-a^2b$$ mathematical speaking, by looking at each product there it's easy to know the the inequality has been solved

but for op sake, since the LHS is positive, therefore it's three products are all positive too and it turns out these products are almost symmetric ( symmetric in $2$ elements, $x_1 \to x_2$), now randomly selecting an order $$4c^6+2bc^5+2ac^5-9b^2c^4+2abc^4+3a^2c^4-8b^3c^3-14ab^2c^3+4a^2bc^3+10a^3c^3+3b^4c^2-8ab^3c^2-6a^2b^2c^2+4a^3bc^2+3a^4c^2+8b^5c+14ab^4c-8a^2b^3c-14a^3b^2c+2a^4bc+2a^5c+4b^6+8ab^5+3a^2b^4-8a^3b^3-9a^4b^2+2a^5b+4a^6 \geq 0 $$ I selected one because the three are related and are all positive, If $a,b,c$ are equal this expression is $0$, if $a,b,c \geq 0$ it is true $$ 4c^6+2bc^5+2ac^5+2abc^4+3a^2c^4+4a^2bc^3+10a^3c^3+3b^4c^2+4a^3bc^2+3a^4c^2+8b^5c+14ab^4c+2a^4bc+2a^5c+4b^6+8ab^5+3a^2b^4+2a^5b+4a^6 \geq 9b^2c^4+8b^3c^3+14ab^2c^3+8ab^3c^2+6a^2b^2c^2+8a^2b^3c+14a^3b^2c+8a^3b^3+9a^4b^2 $$ $$ 4c^6+2bc^5+2ac^5+2abc^4+3a^2c^4+4a^2bc^3+10a^3c^3+3b^4c^2+4a^3bc^2+3a^4c^2+8b^5c+14ab^4c+2a^4bc+2a^5c+4b^6+8ab^5+3a^2b^4+2a^5b+4a^6 \geq b^2(9c^4+8bc^3+14ac^3+8abc^2+6a^2c^2+8a^2bc+14a^3c+8a^3b+9a^4) $$ by comparing the weights of the RHS and LHS, the inequality is true

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    $\begingroup$ Well first thanks but I need some times to check it .^^ $\endgroup$
    – Erik Satie
    Mar 28, 2021 at 12:01
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The given inequality is homogenious by $\;(a,b,c)\;$ and symmetric by $\;(a,b).\;$

Let WLOG $$a+b+c = 6,\quad a+b=s,\quad ab=p,\tag1$$ then it suffices to prove the inequality in the form of $$\dfrac a{6-a}+\dfrac b{6-b}+\dfrac{6-a-b}{a+b} \ge \sqrt{\dfrac94 +9\,\dfrac{(a-b)^2}{(a+b)(6-a)(6-b)}},\tag2$$ with the both positive sides, wherein the square root function monotonically increases in $\;[0,\infty).\;$

Therefore, one may to square both of the inequality sides and eliminate the positive denominators, with the represntations \begin{align} &\bigg(\big(a(6-b)+b(6-a)\big)(a+b)+(6-a-b)(6-a)(6-b)\bigg)^2\\[4pt] &\ge \dfrac94\bigg(\big((6-a)(6-b)(a+b)\big)^2-4(a-b)^2(6-a)(6-b)(a+b)\bigg), \tag3 \end{align} or $$\dfrac49\big(6s^2-2ps + 6(6-s)^2+p(6-s)\big)^2$$ $$\ge (36s-6s^2+ps)^2-4(s^2-4p)(36s-6s^2+ps),$$ or $$f(s,p)\ge 0,\tag4$$ where $$s^2\ge4p,\quad 6\ge s,\tag5$$ $$f(s,p)=\big(144-48s+8s^2+4p-2ps\big)^2 - (36s-8s^2+8p+ps)^2+4(s^2-4p)^2$$ $$=\big(144-84s+16s^2-4p-3ps\big)\big(144-12s+12p-ps\big)+4(s^2-4p)^2$$ $$\ge\dfrac34\big(192-112s+20s^2-s^3\big)(12-s)(12+p)$$ $$=\dfrac34(s-4)^2(12-s)^2(12+p)\ge0.$$ Proved!

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  • $\begingroup$ What is the "correct" formula, though, the one which is symmetric in a,b,c unlike the question which is asked? $\endgroup$
    – user145413
    Mar 29, 2021 at 20:57
  • $\begingroup$ @username As I've noted in my answer, the pair $\;(a,b)\;$ always was symmetric. This becames evident, when the "wrong" variable $\;c\;$ was eliminated. $\endgroup$ Mar 29, 2021 at 21:28
  • $\begingroup$ It is symmetric in $a,b$, of course. But if you perform a of $a,b,c$, that is, replace it by $c,b,a$, etc, the formula becomes different. At the very least, a symmetricized formula is $\geq \max$ over right hand sides with $(a-b)^2$, $(c-a)^2$ or $(b-c)^2$, but that begs for a more natural formula. $\endgroup$
    – user145413
    Mar 30, 2021 at 6:36
  • $\begingroup$ @username This is the true, which is not linked with my solution. On the other hand, the task is homogenious, i.e. it allows the arbitrary factor, identic for $\;a,b,c.\;$ Therefore, we may choose the arbitrary value of the sum $\;a+b+c.\;$ $\endgroup$ Mar 30, 2021 at 7:20
  • $\begingroup$ Yes, I agree. My question (which is not a criticism of your answer) is whether there is a better, natural formula. Maybe when you worked out your solution you saw what that formula should be.. $\endgroup$
    – user145413
    Mar 30, 2021 at 8:53
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As username says it's not symmetric so here there is a refinement and a symmetric formula :

$a,b,c\in[0.95,1]$:

$$\sum_{cyc}\frac{a}{b+c}\geq\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{9}{4}\frac{(c^4+a^4+b^4-c^2a^2-b^2a^2-c^2b^2)}{(0.75(abc)^{\frac{1}{3}}+0.75(a+b+c))(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}+\frac{(c^2+a^2+b^2-ca-ba-cb)(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}+\frac{9}{4}\left(abc\frac{\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}-1}{a^3+b^3+c^3}\right)^2}\geq\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{2}\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b+c)}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}}$$

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  • $\begingroup$ @RiverLi can you confirm if my refinement is true ? Thanks in advance ! $\endgroup$
    – Erik Satie
    Apr 14, 2021 at 11:42

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