Studying theorems in mathematics Most math classes are 1. Learn the big concepts/definitions 2. Present theorems/corollaries 3. Prove them. I presume it is essential to memorize the definitions and big ideas. 
However, real mathematicians, do you use the theorems so much that you just memorized them all and they come to you as obvious, or do you understand the concepts so well that the theorems are naturally deduced when thinking about them and you don't think of them as "theorem 1, theorem 2, etc.", or do you actually have to refer to text when doing math? For myself, I know the main definitions - there is nothing to understand there, but when solving problems, I often search through the textbook looking for theorems that will be used to solve my problem. I feel that this is not a good method and the ultimate goal is to understand the concepts so well that the theorems are "obvious". I was wondering if this is indeed the case for mathematicians.
Lastly, how important is it to know the proofs of all the theorems? Is it important to be able to prove them without reference, or is it okay to simply take a theorem for granted once you have seen the proof once?
 A: I think it is really close to know the theorems and their proofs in the following sense.
When doing mathematics (whether it is an exercise sheet or research) you often want to prove things by reducing it to things you know. So it is helpful if not necessary to know the theorems of the subject you are working in and have an idea how and why they work. By this I don’t mean remembering proofs in full detail, but rather a sketch like extend a basis of the subspace to the whole space. Some theorems are crucial for a theory to work out (eg. existence of bases, extending bases and being able to define linear functions on a basis) and not knowing them is equivalent to not knowing the subject at all. But even if you cannot apply a (maybe less crucial) theorem per se, its proof may use methods/tricks applicable to your problem.
In fact it is useful to have this sort of knowledge of every bit of mathematics you learn. Great mathematics often comes by connecting seemingly different areas of mathematics. I mean what on earth has something rigid algebraic like group theory to do with analytic things like measure theory and Fourier-transformations? Some mathematicians knew enough about both topics to notice similarities of the objects/concepts/proofs and made a connection. These sort of connections allow new ideas to flow from one subject to the other, which is a really great thing.
There is a last kind of mathematical knowledge that is very common in research. It can become impossible to know each and every paper in and around your research topic, as new ones appear on a daily basis. But you can have an overview over the progress in the area in that by reading abstracts and attending conferences you are up to date in what progress and what connections were made. If you happen to need some statement you might recall that you read/heard something along the lines, locate and study it in more detail.
TLDR: As a student know the theorems and have a sketch in mind of how to prove them. You will need the ideas and methods later, sometimes even from different subjects combined. In research it is often more important to know that something is true than how it was proved.
