Show that the following matrix is invertible I am trying to show the matrix $(I - \gamma P^\pi)$ is always invertible, where P is a stochastic matrix (i.e. $P_{ij} \geq 0$, sum of the rows equal 1) and $\gamma \in [0,1)$. I found two sources that prove this in different way but I can't really understand either.

*

*From (https://ai.stanford.edu/~gwthomas/notes/mdps.pdf, page 10)

$$\begin{align*}||(I - \gamma P^\pi)x||_\infty &= ||x - \gamma P^\pi x||_\infty \\ &\geq ||x||_\infty - \gamma||P^\pi x||_\infty \\ &\geq ||x||_\infty - \gamma||x||_\infty \\ &> 0\end{align*} $$
I don't understand how the second inequality comes from. I guess it is true if $||Ax|| \leq ||A||\cdot||x||$ holds in general (even for infinity norm), since $||P||_\infty = 1$.


*From (http://researchers.lille.inria.fr/~lazaric/Webpage/MVA-RL_Course14_files/notes-lecture-02.pdf, page 17)

I am able to show that $P^\pi$ has all eigenvalues $\leq$ 1 and $(I - \gamma P^\pi)$ has eigenvalues $\geq 1 - \gamma$, then it's a PD matrix and thus invertible. However, what happens if P has some nonreal eigenvalues? I think it doesn't make sense to say it's $\leq$ 1? Does this proof handle that too?
 A: \begin{align*}\|(I - \gamma P^\pi)x\|_\infty &= \|x - \gamma P^\pi x\|_\infty 
\end{align*}
Using the triangular inequality of the norm we have that $\| a\|=\| a-b+b\| \leq \| a-b\|+\|b\|$, equivalently, we have $ \| a-b\| \geq \| a\|-\|b\|$. Due to triangular inequality, absolute homogeneity, and $\gamma>0$ we have that
\begin{align*}
\|x - \gamma P^\pi x\|_\infty &\geq \|x\|_\infty - \gamma\|P^\pi x\|_\infty
\end{align*}
Now we focus on $||P^\pi x||_\infty$. Since $P^\pi$ is a stochastic matrix it is nonnegative and its columns add up to 1,
\begin{align*}
\|P^\pi x\|_\infty =& \max_i \left|\sum_j (P^\pi)_{i,j} x_j \right| \\
\min_i x_i \leq & \sum_j (P^\pi)_{i,j} x_j \leq \max_i x_i \\
\|P^\pi x\|_\infty \leq& \max\{\max_i x_i,-\min_i x_i\} = \max_i |x_i| = \|x\|_\infty
\end{align*}
Going back to the original problem,
\begin{align*}
\|x - \gamma P^\pi x\|_\infty 
 &\geq \|x\|_\infty - \gamma\|x\|_\infty > 0\end{align*}
showing that $(I - \gamma P^\pi)$ is invertible because for any vector $x$ different than zero $(I - \gamma P^\pi)x$ is different than zero, stopping it from having any zero eigenvalue.
