Ring of polynomials in $\mathbb F_2$ with roots at a (specific) root of unity WLOG I'm going to use $\zeta = \sqrt[12]1$ in this example. I'm trying to find some way to work with sums of distinct powers of $\zeta$, specifically so that I can analyze sums that are equal to zero (such as $1 + \zeta + \zeta^2 + \zeta^5 + \zeta^6 + \zeta^8 + \zeta^9$) (EDIT: I want the coefficients in the sum to be either $0$ or $1$, so each distinct power is only included once at most). I initially tried to work in the quotient ring $\mathbb F_2[x] / ( x^{12} + 1)$, but it quickly became clear that while I expected $P=1 + x+ \cdots + x^{11}$ to be equal to $0$ (since $Px = P$), it was not. I'm not sure what the flaw in my logic here was (though I suspect it has something to do with $1$ being a root of $x^{12}+1$), but moving to $\mathbb F_2[x]/P$ obviously fixed that issue.  My problem is that I can't find a sense in which the polynomial (for example) $1 + x +  x^2 + x^5 + x^6 + x^8 + x^9 = 0$, even though that's what I should expect to see if $x = \zeta$. Where am I going wrong?
 A: Over $\mathbb{F}_2[x]$ we have $x^{12} - 1 = (x^3 - 1)^4$ so the quotient ring $\mathbb{F}_2[x]/(x^{12} - 1)$ is less well-behaved than you might have initially guessed and in particular is not a field or even an integral domain ($x^3 - 1$ is nilpotent); this means it is not the subfield of $\overline{\mathbb{F}_2}$ obtained by adjoining a $12^{th}$ root of unity, which may have been what you were actually going for. The problem persists for $\frac{x^{12} - 1}{x - 1} = (x - 1)^3 (x^2 + x + 1)^4$.
Linear combinations of powers of $\zeta_{12}$ equal to zero with integer or rational coefficients can be completely understood as follows. The minimal polynomial of $\zeta_{12}$ over $\mathbb{Z}$ is the cyclotomic polynomial
$$\Phi_{12}(x) = x^4 - x^2 + 1$$
and every linear relation between the powers of $\zeta_{12}$ is a consequence of the relation $\Phi_{12}(\zeta_{12}) = 0$ in the sense that it corresponds to a polynomial relation $p(\zeta_{12}) = 0$ and $\Phi_{12}(x) \mid p(x)$. In your example, WolframAlpha gives
$$p(x) = (x^4 - x^2 + 1)(x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + 2x^2 + x + 1).$$
A: $\zeta_{12}\,$ has minimal poly $\, \Phi_{12}(x) = x^4-x^2+1\mid x^6+1\,$ (by $(x^6)^2 = 1,\ x^6\neq 1\Rightarrow x^6= -1)\,$
so by the method of simpler multiples, to reduce $\!\bmod \Phi\,$ we can first reduce $\!\bmod x^6+1,\,$ where we can apply the simple rewrite rules $\,\color{#c00}{x^6 \equiv -1},\,$ so $\,\color{#0a0}{x^8 \equiv -x^2},\,$ and  $\,\color{#90f}{x^9 \equiv -x^3},\,$ e.g. in your case
$$\begin{align}&1+x+x^2+x^5+\color{#c00}{x^6}+\color{#0a0}{x^8}+\color{#90f}{x^9}\\[.1em]
\equiv\ & \color{#c00}{1}+x+\color{#0a0}{x^2}+x^5\color{#c00}{-1}\,\color{#0a0}{-\,x^2}\,\color{#90f}{-x^3}\\[.1em]
\equiv\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ x\ \ \ \,+\ \ \ \ \ x^5\ \ \color{#90f}{-\ \ x^3}\\[.1em]
\equiv\ &\ \  x\ (1\ \ \ \ +\,\ \ \ \ x^4\ \ -\ \ x^2)\\[.1em]
\equiv\ &\ \  x\,\Phi_{12}\equiv\, 0
\end{align}\qquad\qquad$$
