# Definition(s) of rational numbers

The definitions of rational numbers are somewhat confusing for me. The definition of rational numbers on wikipedia and most other sites is:

In mathematics, a rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction $\frac pq$ of two integers, with the denominator $q$ not equal to zero.

All integers can be expressed as the quotient $\frac pq$. So if they are not written in the fraction form, will they still be called rational numbers?

Another definition which I've found is:

A rational number is a quotient $\frac mn$ where $m$ and $n$ are integers and $n \neq 0$.

These definitions might be the same. However, I'm not able to figure out how! Are rational numbers those numbers which can be expressed as the quotient $\frac mn$ of two integers or those which are directly the quotient of two integers? For example, if $n$ is an integer, so is $n$ a rational number? Or is $\frac n1$ a rational number?

• Do you understand how to construct the rational numbers as set of integers of the from $(m,n), n \neq 0$, and applying the congruence relation that $(m_1, n_1) = (m_2, n_2) \Leftrightarrow m_1n_2 = m_2 n_1$? – Calvin Lin May 18 '13 at 15:08
• All integers (e.g. $-3=-\frac{3}{1}$) are rational numbers, but there are rational numbers (e.g. $\frac{3}{4}$) that are not integers. – Américo Tavares May 18 '13 at 15:10
• There's a deep issue here, possibly about the embedding of the integers in the rationals. In one sense, we cannot say "$3=\dfrac{3}{1}$", since $3$ is just a singleton. Right?? There is an identification of integers with rationals: $n$ in Z --> $(n,1)$ in Q – The Chaz 2.0 May 18 '13 at 15:14
• The main point is that we need to distinguish between rational number and fraction. For example, we can say "the fraction $\frac 46$ is not in shortest terms". But since $\frac 46=\frac23$ is the unique rational number that when multiplied by three gives two, the fractions $\frac46$ and $\frac23$ denote the same rational number. On the other hand $\frac\pi2$ is written as a fraction, but does not denote a rational number. – Hagen von Eitzen May 18 '13 at 15:20
• For any real number $p$ and nonzero real number $q$, the expression $p \div q$ is defined. I think that technically on the other hand, when $p$ and $q$ are not both positive integers, the notation $\frac{p}{q}$ is undefined so $\frac{0.4}{0.5}$ is undefined. Were you thinking that just because $p \div q$ is rational doesn't mean that $\frac{p}{q}$ is rational for that reason? As a result of that, were you also thinking that you could derive a result that you would have thought was obviously wrong just like the government of United States figured out an obviously wrong but correct result that – Timothy Dec 26 '18 at 2:07

I think the problem is that if you simply state those definitions exactly as they are you'll fall in the problem of not having defined the notion of "a quotient of integers". So the good and cool definition of rationals that solve all of these problems is to introduce one equivalence relation in a certain set. I don't know if you are used to equivalence relations (or even relations at all), so I'll talk about that first.

If you have two sets $A$ and $B$ you can create a relation $R$ between them which is a subset of the cartesian product $R\subset A\times B$. Think for a minute, elements of $A\times B$ are pairs $(a,b)$ with $a\in A$ and $b\in B$, so if $(a,b)\in R$ we are telling that $a$ is in some way related to $b$ and in this case we write $aRb$. Now, an equivalence relation can be introduced between a set and itself to mimic equality, it is usually denoted $\sim$ and satisfies those properties:

1. $a\sim a$ (Reflexivity)
2. $a \sim b \Longrightarrow b \sim a$ (Symmetry)
3. $a \sim b \wedge b \sim c \Longrightarrow a\sim c$ (Transitivity)

In the third one the $\wedge$ symbol means AND. Look now that equality always obeys those three properties. So when we have a set and we want to construct a notion of the objects being equivalent without being equal we use an equivalence relation. Now, given a set $A$, an equivalence relation $\sim$ in $A$ and some element $a \in A$ the set of all other elements of $A$ equivalent to $a$ by $\sim$ is called equivalence class and denoted $\left[a\right]$. The set of all equivalence classes is called the quotient set and denoted $A/\sim$ and although the elements are sets of elements of $A$ we can usually think of $A/\sim$ as just the elements of $A$ with $\sim$ imposed on them.

Now returning to your problem! Given the set $\mathbb{Z}\times (\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\})$, in other words, ordered pairs of integers without any pair with $0$ in the second element we introduce the following equivalence relation $\sim$ on the set:

$$(a,b)\sim(a',b') \Longleftrightarrow ab'=a'b$$

Now stop for a while and look what we did! We are almost defining the quocient of integers. If we introduce the notation:

$$\frac{a}{b}=\left\{(a',b') \in \mathbb{Z}\times (\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}) : (a',b')\sim (a,b)\right\}$$

We have exactly what the quotient is: the equivalence class of all those elements $(a,b)$ with the relation imposed. Proving this is really an equivalence relation is a good exercise. Now, look what I've said before: formally we define the quotient using equivalence classes but in practice we simply think of it as the element $(a,b) \in \mathbb{Z}\times(\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\})$ with the relation $\sim$ imposed.

Now, we define the set of rationals by:

$$\mathbb{Q}=(\mathbb{Z}\times(\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}))/\sim$$

In other words, the set of rationals is the set of all quotients of integers, recalling that we defined the quotient as that equivalence class. With this your first definition is obviously equivalent (indeed we just made it formal using this thought) and the second is the exact same thing.

I hope this helps you somehow! Good luck!

The integers are indeed rational, because each integer can be expressed as such a quotient as you describe.

The second definition seems different, at first glance, but it isn't. If a number $x$ can be expressed as such a quotient $\frac{m}{n}$, then it is such a quotient, in the sense that $\frac{m}{n}=x.$ On the other hand, such a quotient can immediately be expressed as such a quotient.

I hope this helps clarifing things a little bit. $\mathbb{Z}$ is built from $\mathbb{N}\times \mathbb{N}$ introducing an equivalence relation on it and $\mathbb{Q}$ is gained from $\mathbb{Z}\times (\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\})$ considering its quotient by another appropriete equivalence relation (details can be found everywhere, for example in Wikipedia). So, strictly speaking, it is not right to say that $\mathbb{Z}\subseteq \mathbb{Q}$ because it is not true that each element of the LHS is also an element of RHS. But we have a canonycal function $i\colon\mathbb{Z}\longrightarrow \mathbb{Q}$, mapping $n\in\mathbb{Z}$ to $\frac{n}{1}$, which is injective (therefore a bijection onto its image) and also a ring (monotone) homomorphism. Hence we identify, reasoning up to isomorphism, $\mathbb{Z}$ with $i(\mathbb{Z})$ when we want to think to $\mathbb{Z}$ as contained ("embedded") in $\mathbb{Q}$.

rational numbers is what you get when $\mathbb{Z}$ is closed to division. Division is undefined when the divisor is $0$.

What this means is that if $p$ and $q$ are in the set, so is $p/q$, when allowed by division. The set equates to the ratio of elements of $\mathbb{Z}$.

The next section is an extract of Section 1.1.a from the book

Introduction to CALCULUS AND ANALYSIS
Volume One
Richard Courant and Fritz John

a. The System of Natural Numbers and Its Extension. Counting and Measuring

The Natural and the Rational Numbers. The sequence of "natural" numbers I, 2, 3, . . . is considered as given to us. We need not discuss how these abstract entities, the numbers, may be categorized from a philosophical point of view. For the mathematician, and for anybody working with numbers, it is important merely to know the rules or laws by which they may be combined to yield other natural numbers. These laws form the basis of the familiar rules for adding and multiplying numbers in the decimal system ; they include the commutative laws a + b = b + a and ab = ba, the associative laws a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c and a(bc) = (ab)c, the distributive law a(b + c) = ab + ac, the cancellation law that a + c = b + c implies a = b, etc.

The inverse operations, subtraction and division, are not always possible within the set of natural numbers ; we cannot subtract $$2$$ from $$1$$ or divide $$1$$ by $$2$$ and stay within that set. To make these operations possible without restriction we are forced to extend the concept of number by inventing the number $$0$$, the "negative" integers, and the fractions. The totality of all these numbers is called the class or set of rational numbers; they are all obtained from unity by using the "rational operations" of calculation, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

A rational number can always be written in the form

$$\quad \frac{p}{q}$$,

where $$p$$ and $$q$$ are integers and $$q \ne 0$$. We can make this representation unique by requiring that $$q$$ is positive and that $$p$$ and $$q$$ have no common factor larger than $$1$$.

Within the domain of rational numbers all the rational operations, addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division (except division by zero), can be performed and produce again rational numbers. As we know from elementary arithmetic, operations with rational numbers obey the same laws as operations with natural numbers: thus the rational numbers extend the system of positive integers in a completely straightforward way.

Note: The word "rational" here does not mean reasonable or logical but is derived from the word "ratio" meaning the relative proportion of two magnitudes.

The book views the rational numbers in a philosophical manner, and doesn't obsess about a rigorous mathematician construction. After all, they are just 'one-step' removed from the natural numbers, a 'given'.

Geometrically, the rational numbers are all the numbers that are obtained in a straightforward way when we insist on 'marking off' all the numbers 'obtained from unity' on the real numbers line, viewed as a ruler extending to the left for the negative numbers and to the right for the positive numbers.

We start with the natural numbers (integers), but if we insist that we have a number $$\frac{1}{2}$$, then we'll also have to mark off the positive numbers $$\frac{1}{2}$$, $$\;1 \frac{1}{2}$$,$$\;2 \frac{1}{2}$$,$$\;3 \frac{1}{2}$$, etc.,

Want $$\frac{1}{3}$$? OK, then throw in $$\frac{2}{3}$$, $$\;1 \frac{1}{3}$$,$$\;1 \frac{2}{3}$$,$$\;2 \frac{1}{3}$$, etc. (also -try to find a good color scheme so you can keep reading the numbers).

Want $$\frac{1}{4}$$? OK, then throw in $$\frac{1}{4}$$, $$\; \frac{2}{4}$$, -Oops!!!
Be careful - you already have $$\frac{1}{2}$$, so you don't need another tick mark.

OK, just add in all those numbers (picture it in your head) and you are in business (well almost, you missed $$\sqrt 2$$, but that is another story).

Note: When positioning a (rational) number on the 'ruler', try representing it as a mixed number, as we did above.