# How to find the Laurent expansion for $\frac{\exp\left(\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)}{z-1}$ about $z=0$?

I want to find the Laurent expansion for $$\frac{\exp\left(\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)}{z-1}$$ about $$z=0$$,

I've tried to apply this formula $$\frac{1}{1-\omega}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\omega^{n}$$ and the usual Taylor series of the exponential function, but I don't know how to continue:
\begin{align}f(z)&=\frac{1}{z-1}\exp\left(\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)\\ &=-\frac{1}{1-z}\exp\left(\frac{1}{z^{2}}\right)\\&=-\left (\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }z^{n} \right )\left ( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!z^{2n}} \right )\end{align} Thanks in advance.
Ps: I tried applying a Cauchy product, but I think this is not appropriate.
Edit 1: If it is useful at the end of the text, the authors say that the Laurent expansion is:
$$\sum_{k=-\infty }^{\infty }a_{k}z^{k}$$ with $$a_{k}=-e$$ if $$k\geq 0$$ and $$a_{k}=-e+1+\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}+...+\frac{1}{(j-1)!}$$if $$k=-2$$ or $$k=-2j+1$$ where $$j=1,2,...$$

Starting with your $$=-\left (\sum\limits_{m=0}^{\infty }z^{m} \right )\left ( \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!z^{2n}} \right )$$ changing one of the $$n$$ to $$m$$, you can say the coefficient of $$z^k$$ is

• $$-\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac1{n!} =-e$$ when $$k\le 0$$
• $$-\sum\limits_{n=k/2}^{\infty} \frac1{n!} =\sum\limits_{n=0}^{n=(k-2)/2} \frac1{n!}-e$$ when $$k\gt 0$$ and even
• $$-\sum\limits_{n=(k+1)/2}^{\infty} \frac1{n!} =\sum\limits_{n=0}^{(k-1)/2} \frac1{n!}-e$$ when $$k\gt 0$$ and even

But that looks wrong to me: I do not think $$\cdots -e z^{-5} -e z^{-4} -e z^{-3} -e z^{-2} -e z^{-1} -e z^{0}+ \\(1-e)z^1 +(1-e)z^2 +(2-e)z^3 +(2-e)z^4+\left(\frac52-e\right)z^5+\cdots$$ converges when $$|z| \le 1$$.

Meanwhile for the same question asked elsewhere, a suggested answer was in effect $$z^{-1}+z^{-2}+2 z^{-3}+2 z^{-4}+\frac{5 }{2}z^{-5}+\frac{5}{2}z^{-6}+\cdots$$ but I do not think that converges either when $$|z|\le 1$$

• The series you wrote for $\frac1{1-z}$ fails to converge for $|z|>1$. Nov 18 '20 at 21:43
• @MarkViola - You may be correct if you say it fails to converge for $|z|\le 1$ Nov 18 '20 at 21:49
• Henry, $\frac1{1-z}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty z^n$ for $|z|<1$, and fails to converge for $|z|\ge 1$. Nov 18 '20 at 21:51
• @MarkViola I am more worried that $\cdots -e z^{-5} -e z^{-4} -e z^{-3} -e z^{-2} -e z^{-1} -e z^{0}$ does not converge than I am about $(1-e)z^1 +(1-e)z^2 +(2-e)z^3 +(2-e)z^4+(\frac52-e)z^5+\cdots$ Nov 18 '20 at 21:54
• I've posted a complete solution that includes the Laurent series for $|z|>1$ and the Laurent series for $0<|z|<1$. Nov 18 '20 at 23:00

First, we can write two series for $$\frac1{z-1}$$ in the two regions $$|z|<1$$ and $$|z|>1$$ as

$$\frac1{z-1}=\begin{cases} -\sum_{n=0}^\infty z^n&,|z|<1\\\\ \sum_{n=1}^\infty z^{-n}&,|z|>1\tag1 \end{cases}$$

Second, the Laurent series for $$e^{1/z^2}$$ for $$0<|z|$$ is given by

$$e^{1/z^2}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,z^{-n}\tag2$$

where $$a_n$$ the sequence such hat

$$a_n=\begin{cases} 1&,n\,\text{even}\\\\ 0&,n\,\text{odd} \end{cases}$$

Putting $$(1)$$ and $$(2)$$ together reveals

$$\frac{e^{1/z^2}}{z-1}= \begin{cases} -\sum_{m=0}^\infty z^m \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,z^{-n}&,0<|z|<1\tag3\\\\ \sum_{m=1}^\infty z^{-m}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,z^{-n}&,1<|z| \end{cases}$$

For $$|z|>1$$, the Laurent series of $$\frac{e^{1/z^2}}{z-1}$$ can be written

\begin{align} \frac{e^{1/z^2}}{z-1}&=\sum_{m=1}^\infty z^{-m}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,z^{-n}\\\\ &=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,\sum_{m=1}^\infty z^{-(n+m)}\\\\ &\overbrace{=}^{p=n+m}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\sum_{p=n+1}^\infty\,z^{-p}\\\\ &=\sum_{p=1}^\infty\left(\sum_{n=0}^{p-1} \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\right)\,z^{-p} \end{align}

For $$0<|z|<1$$, the Laurent series of $$\frac{e^{1/z^2}}{z-1}$$ can be written

\begin{align} \frac{e^{1/z^2}}{z-1}&=-\sum_{m=0}^\infty z^{m}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,z^{-n}\\\\ &=-\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\sum_{m=0}^\infty z^{m-n}\\\\ &\overbrace{=}^{p=m-n}-\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\sum_{p=-n}^\infty z^{p}\\\\ &=-\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\left(\sum_{p=-n}^{0} z^{p}+\sum_{p=1}^\infty z^{p}\right)\\\\ &=-e \sum_{p=1}^\infty z^{p}-\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\sum_{p=0}^{n} z^{-p}\\\\ &=-e \sum_{p=1}^\infty z^{p}-\sum_{p=0}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{n=p}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!} \right)z^{-p}\\\\ &=-e \sum_{p=0}^\infty z^{p}-\sum_{p=1}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{n=p}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!} \right)z^{-p} \end{align}

• thanks, but I don't understand why took that series for $exp(\frac{1}{z^{2}})$. Nov 18 '20 at 23:45
• @BrigitteEliana What is it that you don't understand? Nov 19 '20 at 2:51
• Yes, I don't understand how did you determine that the Laurent series for $exp(\frac{1}{z^{2}})$ is the given in equation (2)? Nov 19 '20 at 3:32
• The Laurent expansion for $|z|>0$ of $e^{1/z^2}$ is given by $$e^{1/z^2}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac1{n!}\,\frac1{z^{2n}}$$Now, note that all of the terms are of even inverse powers of $z$. That is, all of the coefficients of odd inverse powers are equal to $0$. So, we define $a_n$ to be $1$ when $n$ is even and $0$ when $n$ is odd. Then, $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac1{n!}\,\frac1{z^{2n}}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{a_n}{(n/2)!}\,\frac1{z^n}$. Is that clear now? Nov 19 '20 at 3:40
• Yes, thanks for your help. Nov 19 '20 at 4:18