What is a polynomial approximation? Is it possible for a dummy like me who is really bad at math to explain what a polynomial approximation is? Is it possible to give a simple, but illustrative example?
I just googled the term and found that I stumbled on some vague or obscure (for me) terms and symbols on all the pages and, thus, couldn't understand.
 A: Maybe this will enlighten you. In blue, the function $\sin(x)$. In green, the polynomial $x-\dfrac{x^3}6$. In magenta, the polynomial $x-\dfrac{x^3}6+\dfrac{x^5}{120}$.

A: Yves Daoust provided an approximation using a Taylor series, which gives a good approximation near one point.
Here is an illustration of Chebyshev's equioscillation theorem: it's possible to find a polynomial that is a good approximation on a whole interval.
For instance, an approximation of degree $3$ of $\sin(x)$ on $[-\pi,\pi]$ is given by the polynomial:
$$- 0.0000000534717177+ 0.8245351702\,x+ 0.00000008122122864\,{x}^{2}\\-
 0.08691931647\,{x}^{3}$$
(this approximation was found using Maple)
Here is a plot of this polynomial and $\sin(x)$:

These minimax approximations have the nice property that the difference with the function oscillates between two bounds. Here is the difference:

A: Suppose you have a function $f$ defined on a certain domain. A polynomial approximation of $f$ is a polynomial $p$ that is the most closest approximation to $f$ given certain conditions..
Now, of course if $f$ is not a polynomial and the domain is $\mathbb{R}$ then $p$ will never get close enough to $f$. But for example if you consider a compact interval and a function $f$ that is quite regular, then the magic happens: this is Weierstrass' theorem.
Note:
What I wrote before is quite vague, so let be more clear:
Consider the interval $[a,b] \subset \mathbb R$ and a function $f: [a,b] \to \mathbb R$. We say that a polynomial $p$ is a good approximation of $f$ if the maximum distance from $p$ to $f$ all over $[a,b]$ is less than a tolerance we decide, or in math language
$$ \forall x \in [a,b] \, \, \,\text{we have} \, \, \, |p(x) - f(x) | < TOL $$
Weierstrass' theorem says:
Given a continous function $f:[a,b] \to \mathbb R$ then there exists a sequence of polynomials $(p_n)$ that converges uniformly to $f$ on the interval $[a,b]$. In other terms:
$$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sup_{x\in [a,b]} |p(x) - f(x) | = 0$$
This is only an example. There exists so many theorems about approximation.
