# A rotation by an angle $\theta$ in two dimensions [duplicate]

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Let $x_i$ be the coordinates of a two-dimensional vector and let $x^\prime_i$ be the coordinates of the vector rotated by an angle $\theta$ in the plane. The components of the two vectors are related by a transformation as $$x^\prime_j = R_{ij} x_i$$ where $R_{ij}$ is a rotation matrix. This is a representation of the rotation group.

Specifically, a rotation by an angle $\theta$ in two dimensions matrix, $$R(\theta) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos\theta & \sin \theta\\ - \sin \theta & \cos\theta \\ \end{pmatrix}$$

we do we got this matrix, can someone show me the argument or visualization?

## marked as duplicate by rschwieb, Amzoti, azimut, Lord_Farin, Julian KuelshammerMay 3 '13 at 21:14

According to the picture, for the first coordinates: $$A_y=Acos(\theta)$$ $$A_z=Asin(\theta)$$

now write $\mathbf A$ in terms of new coordinates:

$$\bar{A_y}=Acos(\bar{\theta})=Acos(\theta - \phi)=A(cos\theta cos\phi +sin\theta sin\phi)=A_ycos\phi+A_zsin\phi$$

$$\bar{A_z}=Asin \bar{\theta}=Asin(\theta-\phi)=A(sin\theta cos\phi-cos\theta sin\phi)=-sin\phi A_y+A_zcos\phi$$ and writing this relations in matrix form, we will get the given formula.

$$\begin{pmatrix} \cos\phi & \sin \phi\\ - \sin \phi & \cos\phi \\ \end{pmatrix}$$

I suggest drawing a diagram and working it through.

To simplify matters, you could consider the unit vectors on the $x$ and $y$ axes and what the rotation does to them, to see that the matrix must be as it is (draw diagrams - they are very easy - and work out the components of the transformed unit vectors).

Then think about why, if you rotate the $x$ and $y$ components of a vector by $\theta$, you rotate the vector itself through $\theta$ (if the orientations are all the same).

[Another way of looking at it - rotating a vector clockwise is the same as rotating the axes anticlockwise by the same amount]

I recommend working at it, because when it clicks it can become one of those beautiful things where different insights play off each other (de Moivre's theorem, for example).